Breakdown of Bisikletli kuryeler, kask ve yeleklerini giymeden yola çıkmamalılar.
ve
and
onların
their
giymek
to wear
-meden
without
yelek
the vest
bisikletli kurye
the bicycle courier
kask
the helmet
yola çıkmak
to set out
-mamalı
should not
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Questions & Answers about Bisikletli kuryeler, kask ve yeleklerini giymeden yola çıkmamalılar.
What does the suffix -li in bisikletli indicate?
The suffix -li (with vowel‐harmonic variants -lı, -lu, -lü) is an adjective-forming suffix meaning having or equipped with. It turns the noun bisiklet into bisikletli (“with a bicycle”). Thus bisikletli kuryeler = couriers who use a bicycle (bicycle couriers).
How is kurye pluralized to become kuryeler, and why is it -ler rather than -lar?
The Turkish plural suffix comes in two forms: -ler or -lar, chosen by vowel harmony. Since kurye ends in the front vowel e, it takes the front‐vowel suffix -ler, producing kuryeler = couriers.
Why is it kask ve yeleklerini with -lerini, and what do those suffixes express?
Turkish noun suffix order is: root + plural (if any) + possessive + case. Here kask and yelek remain singular (no plural suffix). The suffix -leri is 3rd-person plural possessive (“their”) and -ni is the accusative case (“the,” marking a definite object). They merge as -lerini. Also, when two nouns share the same possessor and case, you attach the combined suffix only once to the second noun. So kask ve yeleklerini = their helmet and vest as definite direct objects.
What is the function of giymeden in the sentence?
giymeden is the negative adverbial participle meaning without wearing. You take the verb stem giy- (“wear”), add the negative suffix -me- to get giym-, then attach -den (the participle/adverbial marker) to form giymeden = without wearing.
What does yola çıkmamalılar mean, and how is it formed?
yola çıkmamalılar means they must not set off (they should not hit the road). It breaks down as:
- yola = yol (“road”) + -a (dative “to the”)
- çık- = “go out,” “set off”
- -ma- = negation (“not”)
- -malı- = necessity/obligation (“must/should”)
- -lar = 3rd-person plural
Together: “they must not set off.”
What is yola çıkmak, and why is yola in the dative case?
yola çıkmak is a set phrase meaning to set off or to hit the road. yola is yol (“road”) + -a (dative “to”), so yola çıkmak literally means “to go onto the road.”
Why is the obligation suffix -malı spelled -malı and not -meli in çıkmamalılar?
Turkish vowel harmony dictates that after a stem with a back vowel (a, ı, o, u) you use the back‐vowel form -malı, not the front‐vowel -meli. The verb root çık- contains ı (a back vowel), so it takes -malı.
Why isn’t there an explicit pronoun like onlar (“they”) in this sentence?
Turkish is a pro-drop language: subject pronouns are often omitted because the verb ending already encodes person and number. Here the -lar in çıkmamalılar signals “they,” so onlar is unnecessary.