Learn Hardcore Turkish: Sabah yağmur yağdı, çamur yolu kapladı. - It rained this morning, and mud covered the road.

Sabah functions as a noun used adverbially to indicate time (in the morning). In Turkish, a bare noun in the nominative case can serve directly as a time expression without any additional suffix. You could also use sabahleyin or sabahları in other contexts, but here Sabah alone clearly means in the morning.

Why does the sentence say yağmur yağdı instead of just yağdı?

The verb yağmak means to rain, so yağdı alone means it rained. Adding yağmur explicitly names the subject rain—literally “rain rained.” This isn’t mandatory but adds clarity or emphasis about what fell.

What role does the letter ğ play in yağmur and yağdı, and how is it pronounced?

The Turkish ğ (soft g) does not have its own consonant sound like English g. Instead, it lengthens the preceding vowel and often disappears in pronunciation. So yağ is pronounced [yaː] and yağdı sounds like [yaːdɯ].

Why is yolu marked with -u, and what does this suffix indicate?

The suffix -u is the accusative case marker for definite direct objects. Here yol becomes yolu because the mud is covering a specific road. By marking yolu with -u, the speaker signals that the road is a known, definite object.

How should we parse çamur yolu kapladı, and is çamur yolu a compound meaning a muddy road?

It is two separate nouns: çamur (mud) as the subject, yolu (the road) as the direct object, followed by the verb kapladı (covered). It is not the adjective–noun combination çamurlu yol (muddy road). Instead, it literally means mud covered the road.

What tense and person do yağdı and kapladı represent, and why are subject pronouns omitted?

Both verbs are in simple past tense, third person singular (suffix -dı/-di/-du/-dü depending on vowel harmony). Turkish often drops subject pronouns when the verb ending already shows person and number. Hence there is no explicit o (he/she/it) before the verbs.

Why is there only a comma between the two clauses instead of ve (and) or another conjunction?

In Turkish, short independent clauses are often linked with just a comma, which implies “and” without explicitly using ve. This gives a concise, narrative style: morning it rained, mud the road covered.

How flexible is the word order in this sentence, and why is it structured this way?

Turkish is generally subject–object–verb (SOV), but modifiers like time adverbs typically come first. Here the order is time (Sabah) – subject (yağmur) – verb (yağdı), then subject (çamur) – object (yolu) – verb (kapladı). You can rearrange elements for emphasis (for example Yağmur sabah yağdı or Yolu çamur kapladı), but the given structure is the most natural way to present the sequence of events.