Dolabın altından çoraplarımı buldum ve temiz çorapları sıraladım.

Because dolap is taking the genitive suffix -ın, which means of the cupboard/closet.

Two things happen:

• dolap + ın → dolabın
• The final p often changes to b before a vowel-initial suffix. This is a very common sound change in Turkish.

So:

• dolap = cupboard / closet
• dolabın = of the cupboard / closet’s

This is a very common Turkish structure.

It breaks down like this:

• dolabın = of the cupboard
• altı = its underside / the space under it
• altından = from under it

So dolabın altından literally means something like:

from the cupboard’s underside

But in natural English, that is simply:

from under the cupboard

Turkish often expresses location with this kind of genitive + possessed noun structure:

• masanın üstü = the top of the table / on the table
• evin önü = the front of the house / in front of the house
• dolabın altı = the underside of the cupboard / under the cupboard

Because -da/-de and -dan/-den mean different things.

• altında = under it / beneath it
• altından = from under it / from beneath it

So:

• Dolabın altında çoraplarım vardı. = My socks were under the cupboard.
• Dolabın altından çoraplarımı buldum. = I found my socks from under the cupboard.

The sentence involves movement/source, so -dan is the right choice.

çoraplarımı is made of several parts:

• çorap = sock
• -lar = plural
• -ım = my
• -ı = accusative case

So:

çorap + lar + ım + ı → çoraplarımı

Meaning:

my socks as a specific direct object

In other words, not just any socks, but my socks, the ones being found.

That -ı is the accusative case, which is used for a specific/definite direct object in Turkish.

In this sentence, both objects are specific:

• çoraplarımı buldum = I found my socks
• temiz çorapları sıraladım = I arranged the clean socks

Compare:

• çorap buldum = I found socks / some socks
• çorapları buldum = I found the socks
• çoraplarımı buldum = I found my socks

English does not mark this with a special ending, but Turkish does.

No. In Turkish, adjectives do not agree with the noun in number or case.

So temiz stays temiz whether the noun is singular, plural, definite, or accusative:

• temiz çorap = clean sock
• temiz çoraplar = clean socks
• temiz çorapları = the clean socks

This is different from some languages where adjectives change form. In Turkish, they usually stay the same.

Not explicitly.

The sentence says:

• çoraplarımı buldum = I found my socks
• temiz çorapları sıraladım = I arranged the clean socks

The second phrase does not include my. So grammatically, it just means the clean socks.

If you wanted to say my clean socks, you would say:

temiz çoraplarımı

So the sentence may or may not be talking about the same socks, depending on context, but the grammar itself does not force that meaning.

Both verbs are:

• simple past tense
• first person singular (I)

Breakdown:

• buldum = bul-du-m

  • bul- = find
  • -du- = past tense
  • -m = I

• sıraladım = sırala-dı-m

  • sırala- = arrange / put in order
  • -dı- = past tense
  • -m = I

So both mean:

• buldum = I found
• sıraladım = I arranged / sorted

The vowel in the past tense suffix changes by vowel harmony, which is why you see -du in one verb and -dı in the other.

It comes from sıralamak, which means:

• to arrange
• to line up
• to put in order
• sometimes to sort

So temiz çorapları sıraladım could be understood as:

• I arranged the clean socks
• I lined up the clean socks
• I sorted the clean socks

The exact English translation depends on context, but the main idea is putting them in order.

It is not stated separately, because Turkish often drops subject pronouns when the verb already shows who the subject is.

Here, the ending -m on both verbs tells you the subject is I:

• buldum = I found
• sıraladım = I arranged

So Turkish does not need ben here.

You could say:

Ben dolabın altından çoraplarımı buldum ve temiz çorapları sıraladım.

But that would usually add emphasis to I.

Yes. Turkish word order is fairly flexible, although the verb often stays near the end of the clause.

The original sentence is natural:

Dolabın altından çoraplarımı buldum ve temiz çorapları sıraladım.

But you could also say:

Çoraplarımı dolabın altından buldum ve temiz çorapları sıraladım.

Both are grammatical. The difference is mostly about emphasis:

• starting with Dolabın altından highlights where the socks were found
• starting with Çoraplarımı highlights what was found

So Turkish word order is not random, but it is more flexible than English.

Turkish does not have a separate word exactly like English the.

Instead, definiteness is often shown by context and by grammar, especially the accusative case on direct objects.

So:

• çorapları can mean the socks
• çoraplarımı means my socks, which are already definite/specific

That is why Turkish can express meanings like the clean socks without using a separate article.