Bu kitap on dolar.

In Turkish, the verb to be is often not expressed in the present tense when you are making a simple statement like this.

So:

• Bu kitap on dolar = This book is ten dollars

Turkish simply puts the pieces next to each other:

• Bu = this
• kitap = book
• on dolar = ten dollars

The idea of is is understood automatically.

Word by word:

• Bu = this
• kitap = book
• on = ten
• dolar = dollar

So literally, the sentence is something like:

• This book ten dollars

But in natural English, that means:

• This book is ten dollars

Because bu is a demonstrative adjective here, meaning this, and in Turkish it comes before the noun it describes.

So:

• bu kitap = this book
• bu ev = this house
• bu araba = this car

This is similar to English, where this also comes before the noun.

After numbers, Turkish nouns usually stay in the singular form.

So:

• on dolar = ten dollars
• iki kitap = two books
• üç ev = three houses

Even though English uses a plural noun after most numbers, Turkish normally does not.

So on dolarlar would sound wrong in standard Turkish in this context.

Dolar is a borrowed word, from dollar, but it is fully used in Turkish.

Like many borrowed nouns in Turkish, it behaves like a normal Turkish noun:

• bir dolar = one dollar
• on dolar = ten dollars
• dolarlar = dollars

Even though the word is borrowed, its grammar in Turkish is regular.

Yes, you can, but it sounds a bit different.

• Bu kitap on dolar = the normal, everyday way to say it
• Bu kitap on dolardır = more formal, more definite, sometimes more explanatory

The ending -dır / -dir / -dur / -dür can add a sense of:

• formality
• certainty
• general statement style

In everyday speech, people usually just say:

• Bu kitap on dolar

You would usually add the question particle mi:

• Bu kitap on dolar mı? = Is this book ten dollars?

Notice that mı / mi / mu / mü is written separately, and its vowel changes according to vowel harmony.

Here, dolar takes mı, so:

• dolar mı?

The basic order here is very natural:

• Bu kitap on dolar

Turkish word order is somewhat flexible, but changing it usually changes the emphasis.

For example:

• Bu kitap on dolar = neutral statement
• On dolar bu kitap = unusual in many contexts, and would sound marked or poetic without special context
• Bu kitap, on dolar = possible with a pause, depending on context

For a learner, the best version to use is:

• Bu kitap on dolar

Because kitap is the subject of the sentence, so it stays in its basic dictionary form.

Turkish adds case endings when a noun is doing certain jobs, such as:

• direct object
• location
• direction
• source

But here, kitap is simply the thing being talked about:

• Bu kitap on dolar = This book is ten dollars

So no extra ending is needed.

Yes, Turkish speakers can absolutely say dolar if the price is in dollars.

For example:

• Bu kitap on dolar
• Bu telefon üç yüz dolar

But if the price is in Turkish lira, they would usually use:

• lira
• or Türk lirası

For example:

• Bu kitap yüz lira = This book is one hundred lira

So the structure is the same; only the currency word changes.

A simple approximate pronunciation is:

• boo kee-TAP on do-LAR

A few details:

• bu sounds like boo
• kitap has stress on the last syllable: ki-TAP
• on is like on in English, but with a shorter, cleaner vowel
• dolar is roughly do-LAR, with stress usually on the last syllable

Turkish pronunciation is generally quite regular, so once you know the letters, it becomes much easier to predict how words are said.