Efter några veckor vande han sig vid att gå upp tidigt utan kaffe.

This is because Swedish follows the V2 rule in main clauses: the finite verb must come in the second position.

So here:

• Efter några veckor = first element
• vande = second element, so it must come right after that
• han = comes after the verb

That is why the order is:

• Efter några veckor vande han sig vid ...

and not:

• Efter några veckor han vande sig vid ...

A useful comparison:

• Han vande sig vid det.
• Efter några veckor vande han sig vid det.

When something other than the subject comes first, the verb still stays second.

Vande is the past tense of vänja sig (vid), which means to get used to / to become accustomed to.

Some common forms are:

• infinitive: vänja sig
• present: vänjer sig
• past: vande sig
• supine: vant sig

So in this sentence, vande is used because the sentence describes something that happened in the past.

Learners often expect something more like vänjde, but the correct past tense is vande.

Sig is a reflexive pronoun. It refers back to the subject han.

So:

• han = he
• sig = himself

The verb is normally used as vänja sig vid. In other words, the reflexive pronoun is part of the standard expression.

Examples:

• Jag vande mig vid kylan. = I got used to the cold.
• Hon vande sig vid livet där. = She got used to life there.
• Han vande sig vid att gå upp tidigt. = He got used to getting up early.

You usually cannot just drop sig here.

Because the full expression is vänja sig vid = to get used to.

So the structure is:

• vänja sig vid + noun
• vänja sig vid att + infinitive

Examples:

• Hon vande sig vid bullret. = She got used to the noise.
• Han vande sig vid att jobba sent. = He got used to working late.

So vid is simply the preposition that belongs with this verb expression.

After vid, if what follows is an action, Swedish normally uses att + infinitive.

So:

• vid kaffe = used to coffee
• vid morgonrutinen = used to the morning routine
• vid att gå upp tidigt = used to getting up early

That means:

• vid + noun
• vid att + verb

This is very similar to English in the sense that English often uses to or an -ing form after certain expressions, while Swedish uses att + infinitive here.

Gå upp is a very common verb phrase meaning to get up or to rise.

In this sentence, it means to get up from bed / start the day.

Examples:

• Jag går upp klockan sju. = I get up at seven.
• Hon gick upp tidigt. = She got up early.

Literally, gå means go/walk and upp means up, but together gå upp is the normal everyday expression for getting up.

Because tidigt is an adverb, not an adjective here.

• tidig = early (adjective)
• tidigt = early (adverb)

In the sentence, it describes how he got up:

• gå upp tidigt = get up early

Compare:

• en tidig morgon = an early morning
  Here tidig describes a noun, so it is an adjective.

• Han kom tidigt. = He arrived early.
  Here tidigt describes the action, so it is an adverb.

A common pattern in Swedish is that the adverb form looks like the neuter adjective form, often ending in -t.

Because kaffe is being used in a general, uncountable sense.

So utan kaffe means without coffee, not without a coffee.

Swedish often leaves out the article with mass nouns when speaking generally:

• utan kaffe = without coffee
• med socker = with sugar
• dricka vatten = drink water

If you were talking about one specific coffee, you might say something else depending on context, but in this sentence the general meaning is simply that he was doing it without coffee.

Yes, that is the natural meaning here.

• efter = after
• några = some / a few
• veckor = weeks

So Efter några veckor means that once a few weeks had passed, he had reached the point where he was used to it.

Några often means some or a few, depending on context. In English, after a few weeks is usually the most natural translation here.

This is an important difference:

• vande sig vid = got used to
• var van vid = was used to

So:

• Han vande sig vid att gå upp tidigt.
  = He became accustomed to it; it was a process.

• Han var van vid att gå upp tidigt.
  = He was already used to it; it describes a state.

In your sentence, vande sig is used because it focuses on the change that happened over time.

Yes, sometimes Swedish uses bli van vid as well, and it can be quite close in meaning to vänja sig vid.

For example:

• Han blev van vid att gå upp tidigt.
• Han vande sig vid att gå upp tidigt.

Both can mean that he got used to getting up early.

But there is often a slight nuance:

• vänja sig vid emphasizes the process of getting used to something
• bli van vid can sound a bit more like ending up used to it / becoming used to it

In many everyday contexts, they overlap a lot.

Because the whole phrase functions as the thing he got used to.

The structure is:

• vande han sig vid
  • att gå upp tidigt utan kaffe

That whole infinitive phrase means something like:

• getting up early without coffee

Inside that phrase:

• att gå upp = to get up
• tidigt = early
• utan kaffe = without coffee

So the sentence is built like this:

• Efter några veckor = time expression
• vande han sig vid = main verb phrase
• att gå upp tidigt utan kaffe = what he got used to

Not always. Några can mean:

• some
• a few
• any in certain negative or question contexts

In this sentence, a few is usually the best English choice:

• Efter några veckor = After a few weeks

Other examples:

• Jag har några frågor. = I have some questions.
• Har du några pengar? = Do you have any money?
• Efter några dagar = After a few days.

So the exact English word depends on context.