Если на столе мало муки, тесто прилипает к столу.

Because Russian normally puts a comma between the если clause and the main clause:

Если на столе мало муки, тесто прилипает к столу.

This is standard punctuation, just like in English sentences such as If there is little flour on the table, the dough sticks to the table.

Because мало is a quantity word, and after мало Russian uses the genitive case.

• мука = nominative
• муки = genitive singular

So:

• мало муки = little flour
• compare: много муки, немного муки

This is very common in Russian with words of quantity.

Because these are two different grammatical ideas:

• на столе = location, so Russian uses на + prepositional
• к столу = direction/attachment toward something, so Russian uses к + dative

So:

• столе is the prepositional form of стол
• столу is the dative form of стол

In this sentence:

• на столе мало муки = there is little flour on the table
• прилипает к столу = sticks to the table

Because the verb прилипать is normally used with к + dative when you say what something sticks to.

Pattern:

• прилипать к чему?
• прилипнуть к чему?

Examples:

• прилипать к рукам = to stick to the hands
• прилипнуть к стене = to stick to the wall

So прилипает к столу is the normal construction.

Here the present tense is used for a general truth or usual result.

The sentence is not about one specific moment only. It means something like: whenever there is too little flour on the table, dough sticks to it.

Russian often uses the present tense this way, just as English does in sentences like If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.

Because the sentence describes a repeated, typical, or general process, not one completed event.

• прилипать = imperfective
• прилипнуть = perfective

In a general statement, Russian usually prefers the imperfective:

• тесто прилипает к столу = dough sticks to the table / tends to stick

If you were talking about one finished event, you might use the perfective in a different context, for example:

• Тесто прилипло к столу. = The dough stuck to the table.

Russian often leaves out the verb to be in the present tense.

So instead of saying something like There is little flour on the table, Russian simply says:

На столе мало муки.

This is very normal. In the present tense, Russian usually does not use a separate word for is/are.

In this context, it means there is too little flour on the work surface of the table. It is a practical cooking/baking sentence: if you do not dust the table with enough flour, the dough sticks.

So although the literal wording is on the table, the real idea is on the table surface where you are working with the dough.

Yes, that is possible, but Если на столе мало муки... sounds more neutral and natural here.

Russian word order is flexible, and changing it can shift emphasis:

• Если на столе мало муки... = neutral
• Если мало муки на столе... = stronger focus on little flour

So the version in your sentence is the most natural default order.

Because тесто is the subject of the main clause.

In тесто прилипает к столу:

• тесто = subject, nominative
• прилипает = verb
• к столу = prepositional phrase showing what it sticks to

So тесто stays in its dictionary form here.

It is singular. Муки here is genitive singular, not nominative plural.

That can be confusing, because the form муки can look like a plural form. But in this sentence it means of flour, after мало:

• мало муки = little flour

Also, мука is usually treated as an uncountable noun when it means flour, much like English flour.

Yes, you often can, and the meaning would be very similar:

• тесто липнет к столу
• тесто прилипает к столу

The difference is roughly this:

• липнуть = to be sticky / to stick
• прилипать = to stick onto, to adhere to

In everyday speech, both can work in this kind of sentence. Прилипает к столу sounds slightly more like actual adhesion to the surface.

The main stresses are:

• если́
• на столе́
• ма́ло
• муки́
• те́сто
• прилипа́ет
• к столу́

A learner-friendly pronunciation guide:

yes-LEE na sta-LYE MA-lo mu-KEE, TYES-ta pree-lee-PA-yet k sta-LOO

The most useful thing to remember is that the endings are stressed in муки́, столе́, and столу́.