Aripa este lângă far.

Because Romanian usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun.

• aripă = a wing
• aripa = the wing

So in this sentence, aripa is the definite form. This is very common in Romanian:

• casă → casa = the house
• masă → masa = the table
• aripă → aripa = the wing

For many feminine nouns ending in -ă, the definite singular form changes to -a.

Because far is indefinite here.

• far = a lighthouse / a headlight (depending on context)
• farul = the lighthouse / the headlight

So Romanian is contrasting:

• aripa = the wing
• far = a lighthouse/headlight

If you wanted both nouns to be definite, you would normally say Aripa este lângă farul.

Este is the 3rd person singular of a fi, which means to be. So it means is.

Yes, in everyday Romanian, e is a very common shorter form:

• Aripa este lângă far.
• Aripa e lângă far.

Both are correct. Este sounds a little fuller or more careful; e is very common in speech.

Lângă is a preposition meaning near, next to, or beside.

It is followed directly by a noun or pronoun:

• lângă casă = near the house / near a house
• lângă mine = next to me
• lângă far = near a lighthouse/headlight

It is one of the most common ways to express physical closeness in Romanian.

No. This is just a coincidence in spelling.

In Romanian, far is a noun, not an adjective or adverb. It usually means:

• lighthouse
• headlight
• sometimes more generally beacon/light, depending on context

So an English speaker should be careful not to read it as English far.

• aripă is feminine
• far is neuter

Romanian neuter nouns behave like:

• masculine in the singular
• feminine in the plural

So:

• un far = a lighthouse/headlight
• două faruri = two lighthouses/headlights

And for aripă:

• o aripă = a wing
• două aripi = two wings

A rough pronunciation is:

ah-REE-pa YES-teh LUHN-guh far

More closely:

• Aripa = a-REE-pa
• este = YES-te
• lângă = the first vowel â has no exact English equivalent; ă is like the a in sofa
• far = sounds much like English far

A more technical pronunciation would be roughly:

/aˈri.pa ˈjes.te ˈlɨn.ɡə far/

Yes, Romanian word order is somewhat flexible, but the given order is the most neutral and natural here:

• Aripa este lângă far.

You can change the order for emphasis, for example:

• Lângă far este aripa.

That sounds more marked, as if you are emphasizing the location. For a basic statement, the original version is the best one to learn first.