V-am trimis fișierul ieri; l-ați primit?

V-am has two parts:

• v- = you / to you (an unstressed pronoun)
• am = I have, the auxiliary used to form the common past tense

In this sentence, v-am trimis means I sent you / I have sent you.

The capital V is often used in polite writing when addressing someone respectfully. In many everyday texts, you may also see v-am with a lowercase v.

The hyphen appears because Romanian often attaches short unstressed pronouns to the auxiliary verb.

So:

• v- + am → v-am
• l- + ați → l-ați

This is very common in Romanian spelling when clitic pronouns come before forms of the auxiliary.

Trimis and primit are past participles:

• a trimite → trimis
• a primi → primit

Romanian usually forms this past tense with:

• an auxiliary form of a avea
• • the past participle

So:

• am trimis = I sent / I have sent
• ați primit = you received / have received

This is the perfect compus, one of the most common past tenses in Romanian.

Because fișierul means the file.

Romanian usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun:

• fișier = file
• fișierul = the file

If you wanted a file, you would say un fișier.

l- means it here, referring back to fișierul.

Romanian often uses a short direct-object pronoun when the object is already known from context.

So:

• l-ați primit? = Did you receive it?

Because fișier is a masculine/neuter singular noun, the pronoun is l- in the singular.

Because ați is the auxiliary for you (plural or polite singular/plural).

Compare the two clauses:

• V-am trimis = I sent you
• l-ați primit? = did you receive it?

So the first clause is from the speaker’s point of view (I), and the second addresses the listener (you).

It can be both.

The forms v-am and ați can be used for:

• you all
• or a polite/formal you

In this sentence, the capital V strongly suggests polite address, especially in writing such as emails or messages to a client, colleague, teacher, etc.

So this very likely means something like addressing you politely, not necessarily several people.

Romanian often leaves out subject pronouns because the verb form already shows the person.

Here:

• am already tells you the subject is I
• ați already tells you the subject is you (plural/formal)

So Romanian does not need to say eu or dumneavoastră unless there is emphasis or contrast.

For example:

• Eu v-am trimis fișierul, nu altcineva. = I sent you the file, not someone else.

In Romanian, short unstressed object pronouns normally come before the finite verb or auxiliary.

So Romanian says:

• l-ați primit

not:

• ați l primit
• or ați primit-l

This placement is a basic feature of Romanian clitic pronouns.

Yes.

Both are natural, but they are slightly different in focus:

• Ați primit fișierul? = Did you receive the file?
• L-ați primit? = Did you receive it?

The second version uses a pronoun because the file has already just been mentioned, so it sounds very natural in connected speech.

Ieri means yesterday, and Romanian word order is fairly flexible.

V-am trimis fișierul ieri is perfectly natural, but you could also hear:

• Ieri v-am trimis fișierul
• V-am trimis ieri fișierul

The original order sounds neutral and natural. Romanian often moves time expressions around depending on emphasis.

The semicolon links two closely related clauses:

• V-am trimis fișierul ieri
• l-ați primit?

It shows a stronger break than a comma, but a closer connection than a full stop. In English, you might also write this as two separate sentences in many contexts.

In informal writing, many people would simply use:

• V-am trimis fișierul ieri. L-ați primit?

A rough English-friendly guide is:

• fișierul ≈ fee-shee-EH-rul

A few useful points:

• ș sounds like sh
• ie here sounds like ye / ee-eh depending on how carefully it is pronounced
• the final -ul is the suffixed definite article

So the whole word is something like fee-shee-EH-rul.