Am o copie a pașaportului în geantă.

Because Romanian often drops the subject pronoun when it is clear from the verb form.

• Am already means I have
• So Am o copie... is completely natural

You would add eu only for emphasis or contrast:

• Eu am o copie, dar el nu are. = I have a copy, but he doesn’t.

Am is the 1st person singular present tense of a avea = to have.

So:

• am = I have
• ai = you have
• are = he/she has

In this sentence, am tells you the subject is I, even though eu is not stated.

Because copie is a feminine singular noun, and o is the feminine singular indefinite article.

So:

• o copie = a copy
• copie = copy
• o here means a, not the number one in any emphasized way

If it were masculine singular, you would usually see un instead.

Because Romanian is expressing of the passport.

After nouns like copie, Romanian often uses this pattern:

noun + a/al/ai/ale + genitive noun

So:

• o copie a pașaportului = a copy of the passport

Here:

• copie = copy
• a = a linking word used in this structure
• pașaportului = of the passport

If you used pașaportul, that would be the basic the passport, not of the passport.

Here, -ului marks the definite genitive/dative singular form of a masculine or neuter noun.

So:

• pașaport = passport
• pașaportul = the passport
• pașaportului = of the passport / to the passport

In this sentence, it has the genitive meaning:

• a pașaportului = of the passport

Because it agrees with the noun being possessed/modified, which here is copie.

Copie is feminine singular, so the correct form is a.

The basic set is:

• al = masculine singular
• a = feminine singular
• ai = masculine plural
• ale = feminine/neuter plural

So:

• o copie a pașaportului is correct because copie is feminine singular

No. By itself, pașaportului means of the passport or the passport’s, not my passport.

The sentence does not explicitly say whose passport it is. Context may suggest it, but the grammar does not.

If you want to say my passport, you would say:

• o copie a pașaportului meu = a copy of my passport

Yes, in many contexts you can hear copie de pașaport, especially in practical or administrative language.

But there is a small difference in feel:

• o copie a pașaportului = a copy of the passport
  
  • often refers to a specific passport
• o copie de pașaport = a passport copy / a copy of a passport
  
  • often sounds a bit more general or label-like

In your sentence, o copie a pașaportului is a very clear and standard way to say it.

Romanian often leaves some things to context, especially in everyday location phrases.

So în geantă can naturally mean something like:

• in the bag
• in my bag
• in a bag

depending on the situation.

If you want to make it explicit, you can say:

• în geanta mea = in my bag
• în geanta ta = in your bag
• într-o geantă = in a bag

So the original sentence is natural, just a bit less specific.

Yes. Romanian word order is fairly flexible, although the original order is the most neutral here.

• Am o copie a pașaportului în geantă. = neutral
• În geantă am o copie a pașaportului. = puts more focus on in the bag

Both are grammatical, but the emphasis changes.

The main ones to notice are:

• ș = sh as in ship
  • pașaportului
• ă = a short neutral vowel, similar to the last sound in sofa
  • geantă
• ge before e or i sounds like English j
  • geantă begins with a j sound

A rough guide:

• pașaportului ≈ pa-sha-POR-tu-lui
• geantă begins roughly like jan- or jyan-, followed by -tuh

The exact Romanian sounds are a bit different from English, but those approximations are a good start.