Cu toate că rana este mică, sângerarea este puternică.

It means although, even though, or despite the fact that. You should learn cu toate că as a fixed expression that introduces a contrast:

• Cu toate că rana este mică = Although the wound is small

Literally, the words look like with all that, but in real use it functions as a conjunction, not as a word-for-word phrase you need to analyze every time.

Yes. Deși is a very common alternative and often sounds a little more compact and natural in everyday speech:

• Deși rana este mică, sângerarea este puternică.

Both are correct. A rough difference is:

• deși = shorter, very common
• cu toate că = a bit more emphatic or slightly more formal

Because rana means the wound, while rană means a wound.

Romanian usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun instead of using a separate word like English the.

• rană = a wound
• rana = the wound

So in this sentence, the speaker is referring to a specific wound: the wound is small.

For the same reason: sângerarea means the bleeding, while sângerare means bleeding in a more general or indefinite sense.

• sângerare = bleeding
• sângerarea = the bleeding

Romanian attaches the definite article to the noun:

• sângerare → sângerarea

This is very normal for feminine nouns.

Because they must agree with the nouns they describe, and both nouns here are feminine singular:

• rana is feminine singular, so: mică
• sângerarea is feminine singular, so: puternică

Compare:

• masculine singular: mic, puternic
• feminine singular: mică, puternică

So Romanian adjectives change form to match the noun’s gender and number.

Because each clause needs its own verb:

• rana este mică
• sângerarea este puternică

Just like in English, you cannot normally use one is for both separate clauses here. Romanian repeats este naturally.

In more casual speech, este is often shortened to e:

• Cu toate că rana e mică, sângerarea e puternică.

That sounds completely natural in conversation.

The base noun is sângerare, meaning bleeding. It comes from the verb a sângera, meaning to bleed.

So the family looks like this:

• a sângera = to bleed
• sângerare = bleeding
• sângerarea = the bleeding

This is a useful pattern in Romanian: many nouns are built from verbs.

Yes, it works well. Sângerare puternică means strong/heavy/severe bleeding.

English often prefers heavy bleeding or severe bleeding, while Romanian can use:

• sângerare puternică
• sângerare abundentă
• hemoragie puternică or hemoragie severă, depending on context

So puternică is not a literal word-for-word match with the most common English phrasing, but it is perfectly understandable and natural Romanian.

Because the sentence begins with a subordinate clause introduced by cu toate că:

• Cu toate că rana este mică = subordinate clause
• sângerarea este puternică = main clause

Romanian normally separates that kind of opening subordinate clause from the main clause with a comma, just as English often does:

• Although the wound is small, the bleeding is severe.

A few helpful points:

• ă is a short, neutral vowel, somewhat like the a in sofa
• â is a central vowel that English does not really have; you learn it best by listening and imitating native speakers

Rough guides:

• că ≈ kuh
• mică ≈ MEE-kuh
• sângerarea ≈ suhn-je-ra-RE-a
  The g here sounds like the g in gentle, because it comes before e

These are only approximations. The best next step is to hear the sentence spoken by a native speaker and repeat it aloud.

Yes, but the original order is very natural because it presents the contrast clearly:

• Cu toate că rana este mică, sângerarea este puternică.

You could also say:

• Sângerarea este puternică, cu toate că rana este mică.

That version is also grammatical, but it shifts the focus slightly. It starts with the main point, the bleeding is strong, and adds the surprising detail afterward.

So both work, but the original version is a very standard way to express although X, Y.