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Questions & Answers about Eu estudo sem café.
What does the preposition sem mean in this sentence, and how is it used?
Sem means "without" in English. It is used to indicate the absence of something—in this case, coffee. When you say "Eu estudo sem café," it tells us that studying is done in the absence of coffee, without needing any additional words or articles to imply negation.
Why is there no article before the noun café?
In Portuguese, when referring to substances or general ideas, it is common to omit the article. Here, café is used in a general sense (meaning coffee as a substance rather than a specific cup of coffee), so no definite article is required. Adding an article (such as o) would imply a reference to a particular coffee, which is not intended here.
Is it necessary to include the subject pronoun Eu, given that the verb form estudo already shows the subject?
No, it is not strictly necessary. In Portuguese, subject pronouns are often omitted because the verb conjugation clearly indicates the subject. However, including Eu can provide extra clarity or add emphasis to the statement, especially for learners or when contrasting with another subject.
What is the tense of the verb estudo, and what does this indicate about the action described?
The verb estudo is in the present indicative tense. This tense is used for actions that are habitual or currently taking place. In this sentence, it implies that the speaker regularly studies without coffee, rather than referring to a single instance or future action.
Would the meaning change if the sentence were written as "Eu estudo sem o café" instead of "Eu estudo sem café"?
Yes, adding the article o changes the nuance slightly. "Eu estudo sem o café" suggests that there is a specific, identifiable cup or type of coffee that is normally used, but is now absent. In contrast, "Eu estudo sem café" conveys the idea of studying without any coffee in general. The original sentence, without the article, is more common when talking about a habitual condition or a general preference.