A funcionária respondeu que qualquer depósito grande precisa de comprovante.

A is the feminine singular definite article, so a funcionária means the employee / the staff member.

In Portuguese, you normally use an article with a specific, identifiable person described by a common noun:

• a funcionária = the employee
• uma funcionária = an employee

So this sentence is talking about a particular employee, not just any employee.

Because the employee is female.

Portuguese nouns for people often change form to match gender:

• funcionário = male employee
• funcionária = female employee

So a funcionária respondeu means the female employee answered.

Here que introduces reported speech or reported content, like English that:

• Ela respondeu que... = She answered that...

In Portuguese, que is usually kept in this structure. English often drops that, but Portuguese normally does not:

• English: She answered that any large deposit needs proof.
• English: She answered any large deposit needs proof.
• Portuguese: Ela respondeu que qualquer depósito grande precisa de comprovante.
• Not natural: Ela respondeu qualquer depósito grande precisa...

So que is doing an important linking job here.

Because responder works differently depending on what comes after it.

If you answer a person, Portuguese often uses a:

• Ela respondeu ao cliente. = She answered the customer.

But if you answer with a statement/clause, you use que:

• Ela respondeu que precisava sair. = She answered that she needed to leave.

So in your sentence, the verb is followed by a whole clause, not by a person, which is why you get respondeu que...

Because the sentence combines:

1. a past action: respondeu = answered
2. a rule or general truth that is still valid: precisa = needs

So the meaning is basically:

• The employee answered, and what she said was a general rule that still applies now.

Portuguese often keeps the present tense in reported speech when the statement is still true:

• Ela disse que o banco fecha às 16h. = She said that the bank closes at 4 p.m.
• Ela explicou que qualquer depósito grande precisa de comprovante. = She explained that any large deposit needs proof.

English can do something similar, though English learners are often more used to tense backshifting.

Because qualquer is normally followed by a singular noun when it means any:

• qualquer depósito = any deposit
• qualquer pessoa = any person

So the subject is singular, and the verb is singular too:

• qualquer depósito grande precisa...

This structure expresses a general rule: any large deposit.

There is a plural form quaisquer, but it is more formal and much less common in everyday speech.

Here qualquer means any.

So qualquer depósito grande means:

• any large deposit
• any deposit that is large

Depending on context, qualquer can sometimes feel like any, whichever, or even every in a rule-like statement. In this sentence, the idea is general:

• if a deposit is large, it needs supporting proof

In Portuguese, adjectives often come after the noun by default:

• casa grande = big house
• carro novo = new car
• depósito grande = large deposit

That is the most neutral order here.

If you move grande before the noun, it can change the feel or emphasis. With many nouns, grande before the noun can sound more subjective or mean great/important rather than literally large. So here depósito grande is the clearest, most natural way to say a large deposit.

Because the standard construction is precisar de when it means to need:

• precisar de ajuda = to need help
• precisar de dinheiro = to need money
• precisar de comprovante = to need proof / documentation

So in standard Portuguese, de is expected.

In informal Brazilian speech, some people do drop the de:

• precisa comprovante

But in careful, standard Portuguese, precisa de comprovante is the better form.

Because comprovante is being used in a general, non-specific sense.

• precisa de comprovante = needs proof / needs documentation
• precisa de um comprovante = needs a receipt / a proof document
• precisa do comprovante = needs the specific receipt/document

So without an article, the idea is more general: some kind of proof/documentation is required.

This is very common in rules, instructions, and formal statements.

Comprovante is a document that proves something. Depending on context, it can be translated as:

• proof
• receipt
• voucher
• supporting document
• confirmation slip

In a banking context, it often means some kind of document showing that the transaction is legitimate or supported by evidence.

So precisa de comprovante could mean something like:

• needs proof
• needs supporting documentation
• requires a receipt or proof document

The best English translation depends on the exact situation.

No. Depósito can have more than one meaning in Portuguese, including:

• a bank deposit
• a storage place
• a warehouse

But in this sentence, because of comprovante and the general banking-style context, depósito is naturally understood as deposit in the financial sense.

Also, note the accent: depósito. It marks the stress pattern:

• de-PÓ-si-to

Yes. Funcionária is a fairly general word. Depending on context, it could be translated as:

• employee
• staff member
• clerk
• staff worker
• bank employee / teller

The sentence itself does not specify her exact role, only that she is a female employee. So the best English choice depends on the situation.