Learn Hardcore Portuguese (Brazil): Você pode vir aqui amanhã?

Both are correct. In Brazilian Portuguese, people often keep você in speech, but dropping it is very common, especially when context already makes it clear who you’re talking to.

One reason to keep você is that pode is used for ele/ela/você (he/she/you), so the pronoun removes any ambiguity.

How is this sentence turned into a question? The word order looks like a statement.

Yes/no questions in Portuguese usually keep the same word order as statements. The difference is:

in speech: rising intonation at the end
in writing: a question mark

Statement: Você pode vir aqui amanhã.
Question: Você pode vir aqui amanhã?

There’s no equivalent of the English auxiliary do (Do you…?), and no inversion like Can you…? → You can…

Why is pode used instead of a future tense, like poderá?

In everyday Brazilian Portuguese, the present tense with a future time word is the most natural way to talk about the future:

Você pode vir aqui amanhã? – literally “You can come here tomorrow?” but understood as future
Você poderá vir aqui amanhã? – grammatically correct, but sounds more formal or written

So for spoken Brazilian Portuguese, pode + amanhã is the normal, neutral choice.

What is the nuance of pode here? Is it “can” (ability) or “may” (permission) or “could” (polite)?

It can cover all of those, depending on context and tone:

Ability / possibility: “Are you able to come here tomorrow?”
Permission: “Are you allowed to come here tomorrow?”
Polite request: similar to English “Could you come here tomorrow?”

Brazilian Portuguese uses poder a lot for polite, indirect requests, so this sentence is polite and not commanding.

Could I replace pode vir with vem? What would change?

Yes, but the meaning changes slightly:

Você pode vir aqui amanhã? – “Can / could you come here tomorrow?” (asks about possibility / willingness)
Você vem aqui amanhã? – “Are you coming here tomorrow?” (assumes the plan is more concrete; asking for confirmation)

Both are common, but pode vir sounds more like checking if it’s possible, while vem sounds like asking if that’s what will actually happen.

How do you conjugate the verb poder with different subjects?

In the present tense:

eu posso – I can
você / ele / ela pode – you (singular, informal) / he / she can
nós podemos – we can
vocês / eles / elas podem – you (plural) / they can

So if you were asking a group:

Vocês podem vir aqui amanhã? – “Can you (all) come here tomorrow?”

What’s the difference between vir aqui, vir para cá, and just vir?

All can be correct, with small nuance differences:

vir – “to come” (direction toward the speaker), generic
vir aqui – “to come here,” emphasizing the specific place where the speaker is
vir para cá – “to come over here / to come this way,” a bit more directional

In this context, vir aqui is natural and very common.
Examples:

Você pode vir amanhã? – Can you come tomorrow? (to where I am / will be)
Você pode vir aqui amanhã? – Can you come here tomorrow? (emphasizes “here”)
Você pode vir para cá amanhã? – similar, maybe slightly more like “come over here.”

Can amanhã be placed in a different position in the sentence?

Yes. Time expressions are quite flexible. All of these are correct:

Você pode vir aqui amanhã?
Você pode vir amanhã aqui? (less common, but possible)
Amanhã você pode vir aqui?

In speech, Amanhã você pode vir aqui? is very common and sounds natural.

What’s the difference between aqui, aí, and lá?

These all refer to location, but relative to speaker/listener:

aqui – here, where the speaker is
aí – there, where the listener is
lá – there/over there, away from both speaker and listener (or more distant)

So:

Você pode vir aqui amanhã? – Can you come here (to me) tomorrow?
Posso ir aí amanhã? – Can I go there (to you) tomorrow?
Você vai estar lá amanhã? – Will you be there (at that other place) tomorrow?

Is você formal or informal? When would I use something else?

In Brazilian Portuguese:

você is the standard, neutral way to say “you” in most of Brazil. Not rude, not extremely formal.
tu is used in some regions (south, northeast etc.), often with mixed conjugations.
o senhor / a senhora are formal and respectful, especially to older people or in very polite situations.

So you might also hear:

O senhor pode vir aqui amanhã? – very polite, to an older man
A senhora pode vir aqui amanhã? – very polite, to an older woman

How would I answer this question briefly, like “Yes, I can” or “No, I can’t”?

Common short answers:

Sim, posso. – Yes, I can.
Sim, eu posso. – Yes, I can. (a bit more emphatic)
Não, não posso. – No, I can’t.
Acho que posso. – I think I can.
Acho que não posso. – I don’t think I can.

You usually don’t repeat the full sentence unless you want to be very clear:

Sim, posso vir aqui amanhã. – Yes, I can come here tomorrow.

How do I pronounce amanhã, and what does the tilde (~) mean?

Amanhã is roughly: ah-ma-NYAH.

nh sounds like the ny in canyon.
The ã (a with tilde) is a nasal vowel; you let air flow through your nose. There’s no exact English equivalent, but it’s somewhat like saying “ah” while humming.

The tilde (~) in ã marks this nasal pronunciation.