O doutor está atrasado hoje.

In Portuguese, you almost always put a definite article (o, a, os, as) before titles and professions when you’re talking about someone:

• O doutor está atrasado. – The doctor is late.
• A professora chegou. – The teacher arrived.

So:

• O doutor = the doctor (male)
• A doutora = the doctor (female)

Saying just Doutor está atrasado is grammatically possible but sounds unusual in modern Brazilian Portuguese unless it’s in a very formal or stylized context. Normally, you either:

• Use the article: O doutor está atrasado hoje.
• Or use a name/title: O doutor Silva está atrasado hoje. / Ele está atrasado hoje.

They overlap but aren’t identical:

• Médico / médica = the profession doctor (physician).

  • O médico está atrasado. – The (male) doctor is late.
  • A médica está atrasada. – The (female) doctor is late.

• Doutor / doutora = a title of respect that is very commonly used in Brazil to address or refer politely to doctors, lawyers, and some other professionals, even if they don’t literally have a PhD.

  • To a doctor: Doutor, a senhora pode me atender?
  • About a doctor: O doutor está atrasado hoje.

In everyday Brazilian Portuguese:

• Talking neutrally about the profession: o médico, a médica
• Being more deferential / polite (or just following social habit): o doutor, a doutora

Both O doutor está atrasado hoje and O médico está atrasado hoje are natural; the first feels more like “the (respected) doctor is late today.”

You need to change both the article and the adjective to the feminine:

• A doutora está atrasada hoje. – The (female) doctor is late today.

Changes:

• O → A (masculine → feminine article)
• doutor → doutora (masculine → feminine noun)
• atrasado → atrasada (masculine → feminine adjective)

Same idea with médico:

• O médico está atrasado hoje.
• A médica está atrasada hoje.

Portuguese distinguishes between:

• ser = essential, permanent or defining characteristics
• estar = temporary states, conditions, or locations

Being late is a temporary situation, so you use estar:

• O doutor está atrasado hoje. – He is (right now) late today.

É atrasado would mean something like “he is a person who is habitually late,” which is unusual and not what you want here.

So:

• Ele é alto. – He is tall (permanent trait).
• Ele está atrasado. – He is late (today, temporarily).

No. Adding hoje doesn’t change the basic meaning of ser vs estar.

• O doutor é atrasado still implies a general characteristic: “He’s a person who is (by nature/habit) late.”
• To say “He is late today,” you must use estar:
  • O doutor está atrasado hoje.

To emphasize “today,” you can play with word order or intonation:

• Hoje o doutor está atrasado.
• O doutor hoje está atrasado. (less common, but possible in speech)

But always with está, not é.

Functionally here, atrasado is an adjective meaning late. It agrees in gender and number with the subject:

• O doutor está atrasado. – (masc. singular)
• A doutora está atrasada. – (fem. singular)
• Os doutores estão atrasados. – (masc. plural)
• As doutoras estão atrasadas. – (fem. plural)

Historically it comes from a past participle, but in everyday grammar, treat it like an adjective similar to cansado (tired), ocupado (busy):

• Ele está cansado. – He is tired.
• Ele está atrasado. – He is late.

Yes, and it changes the focus slightly:

• O doutor está atrasado hoje.

  • Focus: his current state of being late right now.
  • Often said while you’re still waiting for him.

• O doutor chegou atrasado hoje. – The doctor arrived late today.

  • Focus: the arrival already happened, and it was late.
  • You’d say this after he has already shown up.

Both are correct; choose based on whether you’re emphasizing the ongoing lateness (está atrasado) or the past action of arriving late (chegou atrasado).

Yes, several positions are possible and natural, with small differences in emphasis:

1. O doutor está atrasado hoje.

   • Neutral, very common.

2. Hoje o doutor está atrasado.

   • Emphasizes today: “Today, the doctor is late” (maybe he isn’t usually late).

3. O doutor hoje está atrasado.

   • Also possible, more common in speech and for emphasis:
     “The doctor, today, is late.”

All three are grammatically correct. The safest “default” order for a learner is:

• O doutor está atrasado hoje.

In everyday Brazilian speech, está is very often pronounced as tá, especially in informal contexts:

• Written / careful: O doutor está atrasado hoje.
• Informal spoken: O doutor tá atrasado hoje.

In writing or formal speech, use está. When imitating casual conversation in dialogue, subtitles, or texting between friends, tá is very common and natural.

Approximate Brazilian pronunciation:

• doutor: /doʊ-TOHR/

  • dou = like English “doh”
  • tor = like “tohr”, with a tapped or light r at the end (in many regions it may sound like a soft h or be almost silent).

• hoje: /ˈo-ʒi/

  • h is silent.
  • o = like English “oh.”
  • j = /ʒ/, like the “s” in “measure” or “vision.”
  • e (here) sounds like English “ee.”

So roughly:

• doutor ≈ “doh-TOHR”
• hoje ≈ “OH-zhee”

Yes:

• O doutor está atrasado hoje. – The doctor is late today.
• Ele está atrasado hoje. – He is late today.

You use Ele when the context already makes it clear who you’re talking about:

• Cadê o doutor? – Where is the doctor?
• Ele está atrasado hoje. – He is late today.

If you’re introducing the information without previous context (for example, first sentence in a conversation), O doutor… is more natural, because it names the person you’re talking about.