A previsão orçamentária está no relatório.

Because previsão is a feminine noun in Portuguese, so it takes the feminine article a.

• a previsão = the forecast / the projection
• feminine singular nouns usually take a

A useful thing to remember is that noun gender in Portuguese is grammatical, not always logical. Even though previsão ends in -ão, which many learners associate with masculine words, this one is feminine.

So:

• a previsão
• a previsão orçamentária

Orçamentária is an adjective modifying previsão.

So:

• previsão = forecast, projection
• orçamentária = budget-related, budgetary

Together, previsão orçamentária means something like budget forecast, budget estimate, or budget projection, depending on context.

In Portuguese, adjectives often come after the noun, unlike in English. So where English says:

• budget forecast

Portuguese says:

• previsão orçamentária

Also, the adjective must agree with the noun in gender and number:

• previsão orçamentária = feminine singular
• previsões orçamentárias = feminine plural

Because the adjective has to agree with previsão, which is feminine singular.

Agreement in Portuguese means the adjective changes form to match the noun:

• masculine singular: orçamentário
• feminine singular: orçamentária
• masculine plural: orçamentários
• feminine plural: orçamentárias

Since the noun here is a previsão, the correct form is:

• a previsão orçamentária

If the noun were masculine, for example o relatório orçamentário, then orçamentário would be correct.

Because estar is normally used for location.

Here, the sentence is saying where something is:

• A previsão orçamentária está no relatório.
• The budget forecast is in the report.

In Portuguese:

• ser is usually for identity, definition, origin, permanent characteristics, time, etc.
• estar is usually for location, condition, temporary states

So:

• É um relatório financeiro. = It is a financial report.
• Está no relatório. = It is in the report.

Even if the thing is permanently located there in practical terms, Portuguese still generally uses estar for physical or textual location.

No relatório means in the report.

Here is how it is built:

• em = in
• o relatório = the report

These combine into the contraction:

• em + o = no

So:

• no relatório = in the report

This kind of contraction is very common in Portuguese:

• em + a = na
• em + os = nos
• em + as = nas

Examples:

• no relatório = in the report
• na planilha = in the spreadsheet
• nos documentos = in the documents
• nas tabelas = in the tables

Because relatório is a masculine noun and previsão is a feminine noun.

So:

• o relatório
• a previsão

This is one of the central features of Portuguese grammar: nouns have grammatical gender, and articles and adjectives must agree with them.

In this sentence you can see both genders at work:

• a previsão → feminine
• orçamentária → feminine adjective agreeing with previsão
• o relatório → masculine
• no = em + o

In most normal sentences, that would sound unnatural.

Portuguese uses definite articles more often than English does, especially when referring to a specific known thing. Here, a previsão orçamentária sounds like a specific budget forecast already understood in context.

So the natural sentence is:

• A previsão orçamentária está no relatório.

You might see the article dropped in special styles such as:

• headlines
• labels
• notes
• very telegraphic writing

But in ordinary speech and writing, keeping a is the safest choice.

Yes, but the original order is the most neutral and natural.

Standard order:

• A previsão orçamentária está no relatório.

This is the clearest way to say The budget forecast is in the report.

Other orders are possible, but they usually sound more marked or stylistic:

• No relatório está a previsão orçamentária.
• Está no relatório a previsão orçamentária.

These may be used for emphasis, but they are less neutral. For learners, the original version is the best model to follow.

Not exactly.

• orçamento = budget
• previsão orçamentária = budget forecast / budget estimate / projected budget figure

So orçamento is the budget itself, while previsão orçamentária refers more to a projected or estimated budget amount.

Depending on context, previsão orçamentária can suggest:

• a planned amount
• a forecasted allocation
• an estimate in a budget document

So the phrase is more specific than just orçamento.

A rough pronunciation guide for an English speaker is:

ah preh-vee-ZOWN or-sah-men-TAH-ree-ah es-TAH noo heh-lah-TOH-ree-oh

A few important pronunciation points:

• ão in previsão is a nasal sound. English does not have an exact equivalent.
• ç in orçamentária sounds like s.
• tá in está is the stressed syllable.
• In Brazilian Portuguese, r at the beginning of a word, as in relatório, often sounds like an English h or a strong breathy sound, depending on accent.

Stress:

• pre-vi-SÃO
• or-ça-men-TÁ-ri-a
• es-TÁ
• re-la-TÓ-ri-o

It would be:

• As previsões orçamentárias estão no relatório.

Here is what changes:

• a → as
• previsão → previsões
• orçamentária → orçamentárias
• está → estão

So everything agrees in number:

• As previsões orçamentárias estão no relatório.
• The budget forecasts are in the report.

This is a good example of how Portuguese agreement works across the sentence.