To uczucie jest nowe.

Here to means this (sometimes also that, depending on context).

So to uczucie = this feeling.

Polish does not always distinguish this and that as strictly as English does in simple sentences like this. The context usually makes it clear.

Also, to is used here because uczucie is a neuter singular noun.

Uczucie is the dictionary form here: nominative singular.

In this sentence, uczucie is the subject, so Polish uses the nominative:

• to uczucie = this feeling

Uczucia is a different form. It can mean:

• feelings (nominative plural), or
• of a feeling / of feelings (genitive singular/plural, depending on context)

So in this sentence, uczucie is the correct form because we are talking about one feeling as the subject.

In standard Polish, you normally do use jest in the present tense in a sentence like this.

So:

• To uczucie jest nowe. = This feeling is new.

Unlike some other Slavic languages, Polish usually keeps the present-tense form of to be in this kind of sentence.

If you removed jest and said To uczucie nowe, that would sound incomplete in normal standard Polish.

Because Polish adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

Uczucie is:

• neuter
• singular
• nominative

So the adjective must also be neuter singular nominative:

• nowe

Compare:

• nowy = masculine singular
• nowa = feminine singular
• nowe = neuter singular

Examples:

• nowy dom = a new house/home
• nowa książka = a new book
• nowe uczucie = a new feeling

A very useful clue is the ending.

Many Polish neuter nouns end in:

• -o
• -e
• -ę
• sometimes -ie

Uczucie ends in -ie, and it is neuter. That is why both the demonstrative and adjective also take neuter forms:

• to uczucie
• nowe

You often have to learn the gender with the noun, but the ending gives a strong hint.

No, they are different structures.

• To uczucie jest nowe. = This feeling is new.
• To jest nowe uczucie. = This is a new feeling.

In the first sentence, uczucie is the subject:

• This feeling is new.

In the second sentence, to works more like this/it, and the sentence identifies what something is:

• This is a new feeling.

Both are correct, but they mean slightly different things.

Yes, you can.

• Uczucie jest nowe. = The feeling is new / A feeling is new (depending on context)
• To uczucie jest nowe. = This feeling is new

Adding to makes the noun phrase more specific and demonstrative:

• not just a/the feeling
• but this feeling

The neutral, most natural word order is:

• To uczucie jest nowe.

Polish word order is fairly flexible, but changing it usually changes the emphasis.

For example:

• Nowe jest to uczucie. — more literary or emphatic
• To nowe uczucie. — this is not the same sentence; it usually means this new feeling as a phrase, not a full statement

So for normal everyday use, To uczucie jest nowe is the best version to learn first.

A rough pronunciation is:

• uczucie ≈ oo-CHOO-cheh

And the whole sentence is roughly:

• To uczucie jest nowe ≈ toh oo-CHOO-cheh yest NO-veh

A few notes:

• u sounds like oo
• cz sounds like English ch in chop
• ci before e sounds like a soft ch
• w in Polish sounds like English v

So nowe sounds like NO-veh, not NO-weh.

Uczucie often means feeling, but depending on context it can also mean:

• emotion
• sentiment
• sometimes affection

In this sentence, feeling is the most natural translation:

• To uczucie jest nowe. = This feeling is new.

So yes, feeling is a very good basic meaning, but the word can be slightly broader than that.

Yes. Polish demonstratives change for gender.

In the singular nominative:

• ten = masculine
• ta = feminine
• to = neuter

So:

• ten dom = this house/home
• ta książka = this book
• to uczucie = this feeling

Because uczucie is neuter, you need to, not ten or ta.