Jeśli nocnik stoi za daleko od łóżka, maluch budzi się i woła mamę.

It has a very common if-clause + main clause structure:

Jeśli nocnik stoi za daleko od łóżka, maluch budzi się i woła mamę.

• Jeśli ... = If ...
• the rest is the result: ..., maluch budzi się i woła mamę.

A comma is normally used after the jeśli clause when it comes first.

Because stać means to stand and is often used in Polish to describe where something is positioned.

So:

• nocnik stoi = the potty is standing / is placed
• nocnik jest = the potty is

Polish often prefers a more specific position verb:

• stać = stand
• leżeć = lie
• wisieć = hang

Since a potty is thought of as an object standing somewhere, stoi sounds natural.
Jest za daleko is not impossible, but it is less specific and less idiomatic here.

Daleko means far.

When za comes before an adjective or adverb, it often means too or excessively:

• za duży = too big
• za późno = too late
• za daleko = too far

So stoi za daleko means is too far away.

Because the preposition od requires the genitive case.

The dictionary form is:

• łóżko = bed

After od, it changes to genitive singular:

• od łóżka = from the bed / away from the bed

So this is a case-governed form, not a random spelling change.

Maluch means something like little one, small child, or toddler. It is a warm, everyday word.

Grammatically, maluch is a masculine noun. That does not always mean the child must be a boy. In real usage, it can be used quite generally when talking about a small child.

A more neutral/basic word would be:

• dziecko = child

But maluch sounds more affectionate and natural in many family contexts.

Budzić by itself usually means to wake someone/something up.

• Mama budzi malucha. = Mom wakes the child up.

But budzić się means to wake up.

• Maluch budzi się. = The child wakes up.

So się helps make the verb reflexive/intransitive here. In simpler learner terms, it turns wake someone into wake up.

Also, the position of się can move a little:

• maluch budzi się
• maluch się budzi

Both are possible, though budzi się is very natural here.

This is about aspect.

• budzić się = imperfective
• obudzić się / obudzi się = perfective

In this sentence, Polish uses the imperfective because it describes a general, repeated, typical situation:

If the potty is too far from the bed, the child wakes up and calls for mom.

That is more like a general rule or habit.

If you wanted to talk about one specific future event, perfective would be more likely:

• Jeśli nocnik będzie stał za daleko od łóżka, maluch się obudzi i zawoła mamę.

So budzi się fits the habitual meaning better.

Because mama is the object of the verb wołać, so it must be in the accusative case.

Dictionary form:

• mama

Accusative singular:

• mamę

So:

• woła mamę = calls for mom / calls mom

If you said mama, that would be nominative, which would usually mark the subject, not the object.

Here wołać means to call, to call out for, or to cry for someone.

So woła mamę is not necessarily a phone call or even speaking calmly. In this context, it suggests that the child wakes up and calls out for mom.

It is a very natural verb in this kind of family situation.

Because Polish often drops subject pronouns when the subject is clear from context.

Here, maluch is already the subject, so there is no need to repeat it with on or ona.

English usually needs a pronoun:

• the child wakes up and calls for mom

Polish does not need an extra he/she here. In fact, adding one would usually sound emphatic or unnecessary.

Polish word order is fairly flexible, but the sentence as given is the most neutral and natural version.

Jeśli nocnik stoi za daleko od łóżka, maluch budzi się i woła mamę.

You can sometimes move elements around, but that changes emphasis. For example:

• Maluch budzi się i woła mamę, jeśli nocnik stoi za daleko od łóżka.

This is still understandable, but it puts the condition later and sounds a bit less straightforward.

For learners, the original order is the best one to use.

A rough pronunciation guide:

• Jeśli ≈ YESH-lee
• łóżka ≈ WOOSH-ka
  
  • ł sounds like English w
  • ó sounds like oo
  • ż sounds like the s in measure

A few other helpful ones:

• nocnik ≈ NOTS-neek
• maluch ≈ MA-loohkh
• budzi się ≈ BOO-jee shyeh

These are only rough English approximations, but they can help you get close.