Weterynarz ogląda łapę psa i mówi, że jutro będzie lepiej.

Polish does not have articles. There is no direct equivalent of English the and a/an in ordinary sentences.

So:

• Weterynarz can mean the veterinarian or a veterinarian
• łapę psa can mean the dog's paw or a dog's paw

Context tells you which meaning is intended. In this sentence, English usually translates it naturally as The veterinarian is examining the dog's paw...

Because łapę is the accusative singular form of łapa.

The verb oglądać takes a direct object, and direct objects are very often in the accusative in Polish.

• łapa = nominative singular
• łapę = accusative singular

So:

• Weterynarz ogląda łapę = The veterinarian is examining the paw

Because psa is the genitive singular form of pies.

In Polish, when one noun depends on another to show possession or close relationship, the second noun is often put in the genitive:

• łapa psa = the dog's paw
• literally: paw of the dog

So here:

• pies = nominative singular
• psa = genitive singular

A useful note: psa is also the accusative singular form of pies, so learners often notice that this form can do more than one job. In this sentence, though, it is genitive because it depends on łapę.

It is a bit stronger than simple looks at.

Oglądać often means:

• to look at
• to examine
• to inspect
• to watch (depending on context)

Here, because a veterinarian is checking a paw, examines is a very natural translation.

Compare:

• patrzy na łapę = is looking at the paw
• ogląda łapę = is examining/inspecting the paw

Both are 3rd person singular present tense and both come from imperfective verbs:

• oglądać → ogląda
• mówić → mówi

They describe actions as ongoing, current, or simply happening in the scene.

So the sentence paints a live situation:

• The veterinarian is examining...
• and says...

This present tense is very normal in Polish for describing what is happening right now.

Że means that and introduces a subordinate clause.

So:

• mówi, że... = says that...

In this sentence:

• mówi, że jutro będzie lepiej
• he/she says that tomorrow it will be better

In everyday Polish, że is the normal word to introduce this kind of statement.

Będzie is the future tense of być (to be), in 3rd person singular.

Because the sentence refers to tomorrow (jutro), Polish uses the future:

• jest = is
• będzie = will be

So:

• jutro będzie lepiej = tomorrow it will be better

Because Polish often uses the comparative adverb lepiej after być when speaking generally about a situation or condition:

• jest lepiej = it is better
• będzie lepiej = it will be better

English uses a dummy subject it, but Polish does not need one here.

If you used an adjective like lepsza, you would need a specific noun to agree with, for example:

• Łapa będzie lepsza = literally The paw will be better

That sounds less natural in this context than będzie lepiej, which refers more generally to the dog's condition.

The sentence leaves that implicit.

Most naturally, it means that the dog's condition — especially the condition of the paw — will improve. Polish often does this with impersonal expressions like:

• będzie lepiej = it will be better
• będzie gorzej = it will be worse

So the speaker does not need to name the exact subject. The general situation is understood from context.

Jutro means tomorrow and functions here as an adverb of time.

It tells you when things will be better:

• jutro będzie lepiej = tomorrow it will be better

Learners sometimes wonder whether it changes form for case. In normal use as tomorrow, it stays jutro.

Polish word order is fairly flexible, but the version in the sentence is a very natural, neutral order:

• Weterynarz ogląda łapę psa i mówi, że jutro będzie lepiej.

You can move some parts for emphasis, especially jutro:

• Weterynarz ogląda łapę psa i mówi, że będzie jutro lepiej.

This is possible, but less neutral. The original order sounds smoother and more standard.

What usually stays clear is the grammatical relationship shown by the endings:

• łapę = object
• psa = dependent genitive
• będzie = future

So endings do a lot of the work that word order does in English.