Szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel na przyszły tydzień.

Szefowa is the feminine form of szef.

• szef = a male boss / boss in general
• szefowa = a female boss

So the sentence tells you that the boss is a woman. In modern Polish, szefowa is a very common and natural word.

Yes, stawiać often literally means to put, to place, or to set upright. But in this sentence it is part of a very common expression:

stawiać sobie cel = to set oneself a goal

So this is an idiomatic use. English does the same kind of thing with set a goal.

A useful contrast:

• stawiać sobie cel = to set oneself a goal
• postawić sobie cel = to set oneself a goal, with more emphasis on the completed act of deciding on it

Here stawia is the imperfective present form.

Sobie is the dative form of the reflexive pronoun, and here it means for herself or to herself.

So:

• stawia sobie cel = she sets herself a goal
• more literally: she sets a goal for herself

This sobie shows that the goal is her own goal, not someone else’s.

Compare:

• Szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel. = The female boss sets herself a new goal.
• Szefowa stawia zespołowi nowy cel. = The female boss sets the team a new goal.

Because cel is the direct object of the verb, so it is in the accusative case.

The tricky part is that for many masculine inanimate nouns in Polish, the accusative singular looks exactly like the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: nowy cel
• accusative: nowy cel

They look the same.

By contrast, nowego celu is not the normal form here. That would be used in other grammatical situations, for example in the genitive.

Sobie is in the dative case.

That is because Polish often uses the dative for the person who benefits from something or is affected by it.

In this sentence:

• sobie = for herself
• dative form of the reflexive pronoun

You do not use siebie here, because siebie is not the dative form.

Here na means something like for.

So:

• na przyszły tydzień = for next week

This is a very common Polish pattern when talking about plans, deadlines, assignments, or things intended for a future time period.

Examples:

• plan na jutro = a plan for tomorrow
• zadanie na poniedziałek = an assignment for Monday
• cel na przyszły tydzień = a goal for next week

After na in this meaning, Polish uses the accusative case.

Both are possible expressions, but they mean slightly different things.

• na przyszły tydzień = for next week
• w przyszłym tygodniu = in next week / next week as a time when something happens

In your sentence, the goal is intended for that week, so na przyszły tydzień is the natural choice.

Compare:

• Szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel na przyszły tydzień.
  = She sets herself a new goal for next week.

• Szefowa w przyszłym tygodniu stawia sobie nowy cel.
  = She sets herself a new goal next week.

So one is about the target time period of the goal, and the other is about when the action happens.

Yes, stawia is present tense.

But the sentence is not saying that the action happens next week. It says that right now she is setting a goal for next week.

So the timeline is:

• action now: she sets / is setting
• target of the goal: next week

That is why the sentence can be in the present tense even though przyszły tydzień refers to the future.

Yes. Polish word order is more flexible than English word order because grammatical roles are often shown by case endings.

The neutral order here is:

Szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel na przyszły tydzień.

But other orders are possible, for example:

• Na przyszły tydzień szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel.
  This puts more focus on for next week.

• Nowy cel szefowa stawia sobie na przyszły tydzień.
  This puts more focus on new goal.

Even though the order can change, not every order sounds equally natural in every context. The original sentence is a normal, neutral version.

Polish does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So nowy cel can mean:

• a new goal
• the new goal

The exact meaning depends on context. In this sentence, English would usually translate it as a new goal, but Polish does not need a separate word for that.

Yes. The verb in the sentence, stawia, comes from the imperfective verb stawiać.

Its perfective partner is usually postawić.

So:

• stawia sobie nowy cel = imperfective; focuses on the process, general action, or current act
• postawi sobie nowy cel = perfective; focuses on the completed result of setting the goal

Examples:

• Szefowa stawia sobie nowy cel.
  = The female boss is setting herself a new goal / sets herself a new goal.

• Szefowa postawi sobie nowy cel.
  = The female boss will set herself a new goal / will have set a new goal, depending on context.

In your sentence, the imperfective present sounds natural because it presents the action as something currently happening or being framed in a general way.