Learn Hardcore Polish: W muzeum nie wolno palić papierosów ani jeść. - It is not allowed to smoke cigarettes or eat in the museum.

Positive counterpart: wolno + infinitive = “it is allowed to …”
You can add a dative pronoun to show who the rule applies to: Nie wolno mi/ci/mu/jej/nam/wam/im palić… (“I/you/he/she/we/you/they are not allowed to smoke …”)

How is nie wolno different from nie można or nie powinno się?

nie wolno = prohibited by rules/law; strong, normative.
nie można = “one can’t” (either because it’s not allowed or not possible); weaker/less formal but common on signs.
nie powinno się = “one shouldn’t”; advice/recommendation, not a ban.

Why is it papierosów and not papierosy?

Because the direct object of a negated verb typically takes the genitive case in Polish. Compare:

Affirmative: Palić papierosy (accusative plural).
Negative: Nie palić papierosów (genitive plural). Other examples:
Jem chleb → Nie jem chleba
Czytam książkę → Nie czytam książki

Why is there no noun after jeść? Is that okay?

Yes. Jeść can be used without an object when speaking generally (“to eat” as an activity). The sentence bans eating anything in the museum. If needed, you could be explicit: …ani jeść ani pić (“nor eat nor drink”).

Why use ani here instead of i (“and”) or albo/lub (“or”)?

With a negation that scopes over both actions, Polish uses ani = “nor.”

Nie wolno palić ani jeść = neither action is allowed.
Nie wolno palić i jeść can suggest “not allowed to smoke and eat at the same time” (each separately might be okay), so it’s not ideal for bans.
albo/lub are used in positive/neutral contexts, not with a global negation.

Do I need to repeat ani: Nie wolno ani palić, ani jeść?

Both are correct:

Nie wolno palić papierosów ani jeść (single ani).
Nie wolno ani palić papierosów, ani jeść (balanced style; add a comma in writing). The meaning is the same; the second is a bit more formal/emphatic.

Why is it w muzeum and not something like “w muzeumie”? What case is that?

After w (in/at) with a static location, you use the locative case. Neuter nouns ending in -um (like muzeum) are indeclinable in the singular in practice, so the locative is also muzeum. Hence: w muzeum (“in the museum”).

Does w muzeum apply to both actions (smoking and eating)?

Yes. The prepositional phrase sets the location for the whole prohibition, so both palić and jeść are banned in the museum.

Could I move the words around? For example: Nie wolno palić papierosów ani jeść w muzeum?

Yes, Polish word order is flexible. Your version is grammatical and natural. Putting w muzeum first foregrounds the location; putting it at the end slightly emphasizes the activities. Both are fine.

Is a comma needed before ani?

Not when a single ani connects two infinitives: …palić papierosów ani jeść (no comma).
If you repeat ani, you write: Nie wolno ani palić papierosów, ani jeść (comma after the first phrase).

Why is the verb in the infinitive (palić, jeść) after nie wolno?

After (nie) wolno, Polish uses the infinitive to name the banned/allowed action. This is the standard impersonal pattern: (Nie) wolno + infinitive.

Why not perfective verbs like zjeść or zapalić?

Bans and general rules typically use imperfective aspect (ongoing/general activity): jeść, palić.
Perfectives like zjeść (“to eat up/finish eating”) or zapalić (“to light up”) refer to a single, completed event, which sounds odd in a general prohibition.

Does palić mean “to smoke” or “to burn”?

Both, depending on context:

palić papierosy = to smoke cigarettes.
palić coś = to burn something. The object clarifies the meaning here: with papierosy/papierosów, it clearly means “smoke.”

Could I just say Nie wolno palić ani jeść and drop papierosów?

Yes. Nie wolno palić ani jeść is a natural, broader ban (“no smoking or eating”). Adding papierosów specifies cigarettes (as opposed to, say, cigars/e-cigarettes).

How do I say who the rule applies to?

Add a dative pronoun after nie wolno:

Nie wolno mi/ci/mu/jej/nam/wam/im palić… = I/you/he/she/we/you/they are not allowed to smoke… Without a dative, it’s a general rule for everyone.

Is wolno ever confused with “slowly”?

Yes—wolno also means “slowly” (adverb), but in the fixed phrase nie wolno it always means “not allowed.” Context removes the ambiguity.

Could I say this another common way, like on a sign?

Yes:

Zakaz palenia i jedzenia (“No smoking or eating”) — noun phrase often used on signs.
Prosimy nie palić ani nie jeść or Prosimy nie palić ani jeść — polite request.
W muzeum nie można palić ani jeść — also common; slightly less “legalistic” than nie wolno.

Why w, not we muzeum?

Polish uses we (instead of w) before certain consonant clusters to ease pronunciation (e.g., we Wrocławiu, we wtorek, we mgle). Muzeum doesn’t trigger this change, so it’s w muzeum, not we muzeum.