To rozdarcie jest duże.

Here to is the neuter singular demonstrative, meaning this or sometimes that, depending on context.

So to rozdarcie means this tear/rip.

It matches the noun rozdarcie, which is neuter. Compare:

• ten for masculine nouns
• ta for feminine nouns
• to for neuter nouns

So the form to is used because rozdarcie is neuter.

Because rozdarcie is a neuter noun in Polish. One clue is its ending: many neuter nouns end in -e, -o, -ę, or forms like -cie.

You do not have to guess the gender only from the ending every time, but in this case the ending strongly suggests neuter, and the dictionary form confirms it.

That is why the other words around it also take neuter forms:

• to
• duże

Because Polish adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

Here the noun is:

• singular
• neuter
• nominative

So the adjective must also be singular neuter nominative:

• masculine: duży
• feminine: duża
• neuter: duże

Since rozdarcie is neuter, duże is the correct form.

It is in the nominative case.

In this sentence, rozdarcie is the subject: it is the thing being described. Subjects are normally in the nominative in Polish.

So:

• to rozdarcie = the subject, nominative
• jest duże = the description of that subject

It is also nominative singular neuter.

After jest with an adjective, Polish usually uses the adjective in the nominative:

• Dom jest duży.
• Kawa jest dobra.
• Rozdarcie jest duże.

So duże agrees with rozdarcie in:

• gender: neuter
• number: singular
• case: nominative

Jest is the present-tense form of być (to be) for he/she/it is.

In standard Polish, you normally keep it:

• To rozdarcie jest duże.

Unlike in some other Slavic languages, Polish usually does not omit the present-tense copula in normal sentences.

You may sometimes see omission in:

• headlines
• notes
• very informal or dramatic style

But for normal standard Polish, jest should be there.

The sentence is natural as written, but Polish word order is more flexible than English.

To rozdarcie jest duże is a neutral way to say it.

Other versions are possible, but they can change the emphasis:

• Rozdarcie jest duże.
  More like The tear is big / A tear is big, without pointing to this one.

• To jest duże rozdarcie.
  This means This is a big tear, which is a slightly different structure.

• Duże jest to rozdarcie.
  Grammatically possible, but marked and much less neutral.

So the original sentence is a good standard word order.

Because Polish has no articles.

English uses a/an and the, but Polish does not. Instead, Polish shows definiteness through:

• context
• word order
• demonstratives like ten / ta / to
• intonation in speech

So rozdarcie by itself does not tell you a tear vs the tear. Context does that. Adding to helps make it more specific: this tear.

A rough English-friendly guide would be:

to roz-DAR-che yest DOO-zhe

A few details:

• to sounds roughly like toh
• rozdarcie has the stress on DAR
• jest sounds like yest
• ż in duże sounds like the s in measure
• duże is stressed on the first syllable: DU-że

As with most Polish words, the stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable.

Both can point to a specific thing, but they differ in distance or contrast.

• to rozdarcie = this tear / sometimes that tear depending on context
• tamto rozdarcie = that tear over there / that other tear

So if you are simply identifying the tear near you or already under discussion, to is natural. If you want to contrast it with another one farther away, tamto may be better.

Yes, you can.

• To rozdarcie jest duże. = This tear is big.
• Rozdarcie jest duże. = The tear is big or A tear is big, depending on context

The version with to points to a specific tear. Without to, the sentence is more general or depends more heavily on context.

Usually in a sentence like this, duże means that the tear/rip is large in size.

But Polish adjectives can also be figurative, depending on context. If rozdarcie is used metaphorically, duże could mean something like serious, deep, or significant.

So the grammar stays the same, but the exact nuance depends on what kind of rozdarcie is being talked about.