Finansieringsbeviset følger lånesøknaden.

It is a Norwegian compound noun plus a definite ending.

You can break it down like this:

• finansiering = financing
• s = a linking sound often used inside compounds
• bevis = proof, certificate, document
• -et = the for a neuter singular noun

So:

• et finansieringsbevis = a financing certificate / proof of financing
• finansieringsbeviset = the financing certificate / the proof of financing

The s in the middle does not mean possession here. It is just a common linking element in Norwegian compounds.

Because Norwegian usually writes compound nouns as one word.

Here:

• lån = loan
• søknad = application

Together:

• lånesøknad = loan application

Then the definite ending is added:

• lånesøknaden = the loan application

This is very normal in Norwegian. Where English often uses several words, Norwegian often prefers one compound word.

In Norwegian, the definite article is usually attached to the end of the noun.

So:

• et finansieringsbevis = a financing certificate
• finansieringsbeviset = the financing certificate

and:

• en lånesøknad = a loan application
• lånesøknaden = the loan application

So English uses a separate word, the, but Norwegian often uses a suffix instead.

The noun søknad is feminine, but in Bokmål many feminine nouns can also take the common-gender pattern with en and -en.

So in Bokmål you may see:

• en søknad / søknaden
• also possible: ei søknad / søknada

In formal and business-style Bokmål, søknaden is very common. That is why lånesøknaden sounds completely natural here.

Grammatically, yes: følger is the present tense of å følge, which often means to follow.

But in this sentence, it is being used in a document/administrative sense. Here it means something more like:

• accompanies
• is attached to
• goes with

So this is not necessarily about physically walking behind something. It is a common formal use for papers and documents.

Because å følge can take a direct object in Norwegian.

So:

• Finansieringsbeviset følger lånesøknaden.

literally has the structure:

• The financing certificate follows/accompanies the loan application.

Norwegian does not need an extra word like with here.

English often chooses a different wording, such as is attached to or comes with, but Norwegian can express it directly with følge + object.

The subject is Finansieringsbeviset.

So the structure is:

• Finansieringsbeviset = subject
• følger = verb
• lånesøknaden = object

In a normal Norwegian main clause, the usual pattern is subject + verb + object, just like in this sentence.

So the meaning is that the financing certificate is the thing that accompanies the loan application.

Yes. This is a very standard main-clause pattern:

• Subject + verb + object

So:

• Finansieringsbeviset
  • følger
    • lånesøknaden

That part is quite similar to English.

One important Norwegian rule is that the finite verb usually comes in second position in main clauses. So if another element comes first, the verb still stays second:

• Vanligvis følger finansieringsbeviset lånesøknaden.
  Usually, the financing certificate accompanies the loan application.

That verb-second rule is very important in Norwegian.

The basic forms are:

• et finansieringsbevis = a financing certificate / proof of financing
• å følge = to follow, accompany
• en søknad / ei søknad = an application
• et lån = a loan

And the compound noun is built from:

• lån
  • søknad = lånesøknad

So the full sentence uses inflected forms, not the dictionary forms:

• finansieringsbeviset = definite singular
• følger = present tense
• lånesøknaden = definite singular

Yes. It sounds fairly formal and administrative, especially because of the vocabulary:

• finansieringsbevis
• lånesøknad

This is the kind of language you would expect in banking, real-estate, or official paperwork. It is natural Norwegian, but it is not especially casual everyday conversation.