Lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset er klare.

A word-by-word breakdown is:

• lånesøknaden = the loan application
• og = and
• finansieringsbeviset = the financing certificate / proof of financing
• er = are
• klare = ready

So the sentence means that both documents are ready.

In Norwegian, the is usually added to the end of the noun as a suffix.

So:

• lånesøknad = loan application
• lånesøknaden = the loan application

and

• finansieringsbevis = proof of financing / financing certificate
• finansieringsbeviset = the financing certificate

This is one of the big differences from English: Norwegian often puts definiteness on the noun itself instead of using a separate word like the.

Those endings reflect the grammatical gender of the nouns.

• lånesøknad is typically a common-gender noun, so the definite singular is lånesøknaden
• finansieringsbevis is a neuter noun, so the definite singular is finansieringsbeviset

Very roughly:

• common gender definite singular often ends in -en
• neuter definite singular often ends in -et

So the different endings do not change the meaning much; they mainly show noun gender.

Because the subject is plural overall.

Even though each noun is singular by itself, the phrase lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset means the loan application and the financing certificate — that is, two things together. So Norwegian uses the plural form of the adjective:

• klar = singular common gender
• klart = singular neuter
• klare = plural

Since there are two items, klare is correct.

Er is the present tense of å være (to be).

So:

• er = am / is / are, depending on context

Norwegian does not change the present-tense form of the verb depending on the subject the way English does. So:

• jeg er = I am
• han er = he is
• de er = they are

In this sentence, er corresponds to English are because the subject is plural in meaning.

Usually not. In this sentence, klare means ready, finished, or prepared, not clear in the sense of easy to understand.

So here:

• er klare = are ready

This is a very common use of klar in Norwegian.

It is a compound noun:

• lån = loan
• søknad = application
• lånesøknad = loan application
• lånesøknaden = the loan application

Norwegian uses compound nouns very freely, much more than English often does. Instead of a longer phrase, Norwegian will often combine words into one noun.

It is also a compound noun:

• finansiering = financing
• bevis = proof / certificate
• finansieringsbevis = proof of financing / financing certificate
• finansieringsbeviset = the financing certificate

The -s- in the middle is a common linking element in Norwegian compounds.

Because the nouns are in the definite form, and that already includes the meaning of the.

So Norwegian says:

• lånesøknaden = the loan application
• not normally the + loan application as separate words

A separate definite word like den/det/de is used in some other structures, especially when an adjective comes before the noun, for example:

• den klare lånesøknaden = the ready/clear loan application

But in your sentence, there is no adjective before the nouns, so the suffix alone is enough.

It is singular.

The ending -en here marks definite singular, not plural.

Similarly:

• søknad = application
• søknaden = the application
• søknader = applications
• søknadene = the applications

The whole subject is plural in meaning only because two singular nouns are joined by og (and).

Yes. If you want to make it a question, you can invert the word order:

• Lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset er klare. = statement
• Er lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset klare? = Are the loan application and the financing certificate ready?

This is a standard way to form yes/no questions in Norwegian.

Because this is a simple main clause with a normal declarative structure:

• subject: Lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset
• verb: er
• predicate adjective: klare

So it follows a straightforward pattern similar to English:

• The loan application and the financing certificate are ready.

Norwegian word order can become more different from English in other sentence types, but this one is quite direct.

Grammatically, yes, but the meaning changes.

• Lånesøknaden og finansieringsbeviset er klare = the specific loan application and the specific financing certificate are ready
• En lånesøknad og et finansieringsbevis er klare = a loan application and a financing certificate are ready

The original sentence sounds like these are known, specific documents, probably already mentioned or understood from context.