Mater panem recentem ad mensam allatura est.

Because mater is the subject of the sentence: the person doing the action.

• mater = mother
• nominative singular = the subject form

So mater ... allatura est means mother ... is going to bring.

Because panem recentem is the direct object: it is what the mother is bringing.

Both words are in the accusative singular:

• panis → panem
• recens → recentem

So:

• panis recens = fresh bread as a subject
• panem recentem = fresh bread as the object

Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in:

• case
• number
• gender

So recentem matches panem.

Recentem means fresh here.

The adjective recens, recentis can mean things like:

• fresh
• recent
• newly made

With bread, the natural meaning is fresh bread.

Because ad usually takes the accusative case and often means to, toward, or up to.

Here it shows motion toward a place:

• ad = to / toward
• mensam = accusative singular of mensa, table

So ad mensam means to the table.

If Latin wanted to say something more like at the table rather than motion toward it, a different construction would usually be used.

Allatura est is the future active participle plus a form of sum.

• allatura = feminine nominative singular future active participle
• est = is

Together they form the active periphrastic.

This construction often means:

• is going to bring
• is about to bring
• intends to bring

So mater ... allatura est means mother is going to bring or mother is about to bring.

Because it agrees with mater, which is feminine singular.

The future active participle changes like an adjective:

• masculine: allaturus
• feminine: allatura
• neuter: allaturum

Since mater is feminine, Latin uses allatura.

It comes from the verb affero, afferre, attuli, allatus = bring to, carry to.

The future active participle is built from the participial stem seen in allatus:

• allatus → allaturus, allatura, allaturum

So even though the present stem is affer-, the participle uses the allat- stem.

This is normal for this irregular verb.

Not exactly. It can overlap with the English future, but it usually has a slightly more vivid sense.

Compared with a plain future, the active periphrastic often suggests:

• intention
• expectation
• something about to happen
• something one is going to do

So depending on context, you might translate it as:

• will bring
• is going to bring
• is about to bring

The meaning already shown to the learner will determine which English version fits best.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order because the endings show each word’s job in the sentence.

So Latin can say:

• Mater panem recentem ad mensam allatura est
• or put the words in a different order

without changing the basic meaning very much.

This order is quite natural:

• mater first: introduces the subject
• panem recentem next: gives the object
• ad mensam next: gives the destination
• allatura est at the end: finishes with the verbal idea

Latin often places the verb or verbal expression near the end.

Because Latin has no articles like English the and a/an.

So:

• mater can mean mother, the mother, or sometimes a mother
• panem can mean bread, the bread, or a loaf of bread, depending on context

English usually has to choose an article, but Latin often leaves that idea to context.

Literally it is bread in the accusative: panem.

But in real translation, panis can refer to:

• bread in general
• a loaf of bread
• bread as food

So depending on context, English might say:

• fresh bread
• a fresh loaf of bread
• the fresh bread

The Latin itself does not force only one of those choices.