Medica dicit valetudinem pueri mox meliorem futuram esse.

It has two parts:

• Medica dicit = The doctor says
• valetudinem pueri mox meliorem futuram esse = that the boy’s health will soon be better

This second part is an indirect statement, a very common Latin construction after verbs like dicit (says), putat (thinks), audit (hears), and so on.

Latin usually expresses indirect statement with:

• an accusative subject
• plus an infinitive

So here:

• valetudinem is the subject of the indirect statement
• futuram esse is the infinitive

Because in Latin indirect statement, the subject of the reported clause goes into the accusative.

In English we say:

• The doctor says that the boy’s health will soon be better.

In Latin, instead of using that with a normal finite verb, Latin usually uses:

• accusative + infinitive

So valetudo (health) becomes valetudinem because it is the subject of the indirect statement.

Because in an indirect statement, Latin does not use the normal nominative subject. Instead, it uses an accusative subject.

That can feel strange to an English speaker, because in English the subject is normally nominative. But in Latin, after verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, and similar verbs, the reported statement is often built this way.

So in this sentence:

• medica is the subject of dicit
• valetudinem is the subject of futuram esse

Each belongs to a different clause.

Pueri is the genitive singular of puer, so here it means of the boy or the boy’s.

It modifies valetudinem:

• valetudinem pueri = the boy’s health

So the genitive shows possession or close relationship.

Futuram esse is the future infinitive of sum adapted to agree with the subject of the indirect statement.

It is made from:

• futuram = future participle, feminine accusative singular
• esse = to be

Together, futuram esse means to be going to be, or more naturally in English here, will be.

Because the subject is valetudinem:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

the participle must match it, so we get futuram.

Because futuram agrees with valetudinem.

Valetudinem is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So the future participle must also be:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

Hence:

• futuram esse

If the subject were masculine accusative singular, you would expect futurum esse instead.

Meliorem is the accusative singular feminine form of melior, meaning better.

It agrees with valetudinem, which is also feminine accusative singular.

So:

• valetudinem meliorem = a better health state / health better

In smoother English, we usually say:

• the health will be better
• or simply the boy will be healthier, depending on context

But grammatically in Latin, meliorem is agreeing with valetudinem.

It is a comparative adjective, meaning better.

Comparatives in Latin often have forms like:

• masculine/feminine nominative singular: melior
• neuter nominative singular: melius
• accusative singular masculine/feminine: meliorem

So meliorem is exactly what you would expect when it modifies a feminine accusative singular noun like valetudinem.

Mox is an adverb meaning soon.

It modifies the idea of future time in meliorem futuram esse:

• mox meliorem futuram esse = will soon be better

Latin adverbs often have flexible placement, so mox could appear in slightly different positions without changing the basic meaning much.

Because Latin usually does not use that to introduce indirect statements after verbs like dicit.

English says:

• The doctor says that the boy’s health will soon be better.

Latin typically says:

• The doctor says the boy’s health soon to be better

That sounds unnatural in English, but it reflects the Latin pattern: accusative + infinitive instead of that + finite verb.

Because this clause is an indirect statement, and Latin normally uses an infinitive, not a finite verb, in that construction.

So instead of:

• valetudo pueri mox melior erit

Latin puts the statement into indirect form after dicit:

• valetudinem pueri mox meliorem futuram esse

That is the regular way to report what someone says.

Medica is nominative singular, and it is the subject of dicit.

It means female doctor or woman doctor.

So:

• Medica dicit = The female doctor says

It is in the nominative because it is the subject of the main verb.

The word order is less rigid than in English because the endings show the grammatical relationships.

So you can identify the parts by form:

• medica = nominative subject of the main clause
• dicit = main verb
• valetudinem = accusative subject of the indirect statement
• pueri = genitive, modifying valetudinem
• meliorem = agreeing with valetudinem
• futuram esse = infinitive of the indirect statement
• mox = adverb

Latin word order often helps with emphasis or style, but the endings do most of the grammatical work.

Yes. A very literal translation would be:

• The female doctor says the health of the boy soon to be better.

That is not good natural English, but it shows the Latin structure more clearly.

A natural English translation would be:

• The doctor says that the boy’s health will soon improve.
• or The doctor says that the boy’s health will soon be better.

The dictionary form is valetudo, valetudinis, a feminine noun.

Its basic meaning is state of health, health, or sometimes ill health, depending on context.

Here it clearly means health in a general sense:

• valetudinem pueri = the boy’s health

Yes, in many contexts fore can be used as an alternative future infinitive of sum.

So a Latin author might also write something like:

• valetudinem pueri mox meliorem fore

That would mean essentially the same thing.

However, futuram esse is very clear for a learner because it visibly shows agreement with valetudinem.