Pueros tempestatis taedet, quia foris ludere volunt.

Because taedet uses an unusual construction.

In English we say the boys are tired of the storm, where the boys is the subject. But in Latin, taedet is an impersonal verb, literally something like it disgusts / it wearies.

So the person who feels the emotion goes into the accusative:

• pueros taedet = the boys are disgusted / tired

This is one of several Latin verbs of emotion that do not work like normal English verbs.

With taedet, the thing that causes the feeling is usually put in the genitive.

So:

• pueros tempestatis taedet = literally the boys are tired of the storm/weather

This pattern is very common with taedet:

• accusative of the person affected
• genitive of the thing causing the feeling

So tempestatis is genitive because Latin says, in effect, it tires the boys of the storm.

Taedet means something like:

• it disgusts
• it wearies
• it makes someone tired of
• someone is fed up with

In this sentence, a natural English translation is probably:

• The boys are tired of the storm/weather
• The boys are fed up with the bad weather

So although the literal structure is different, the natural meaning is straightforward.

No. Taedet is usually an impersonal verb.

That means it is normally used only in the 3rd person singular, regardless of who feels the emotion:

• me taedet = I am tired of
• te taedet = you are tired of
• pueros taedet = the boys are tired of

So even though pueros is plural, the verb is still taedet, not a plural form.

Tempestatis is the genitive singular of tempestas, tempestatis.

Its basic meaning can be:

• storm
• weather
• bad weather
• sometimes more generally season or time

In this sentence, depending on context, it could mean either:

• the storm
• the weather / bad weather

Because quia normally introduces a clause of real cause: because ...

Here the speaker is giving a straightforward reason:

• quia foris ludere volunt = because they want to play outside

So Latin uses the indicative:

• volunt = they want

If the sentence were expressing reported or alleged reason, Latin could sometimes use the subjunctive, but here the indicative is the ordinary choice.

The subject is understood from the verb ending: they.

Since the previous clause is about pueros, the natural subject is the same boys:

• quia foris ludere volunt = because they want to play outside

Latin often leaves subject pronouns unstated when the verb ending already makes the person and number clear.

Because it depends on volunt.

In Latin, after verbs like volo (want), the thing someone wants to do is usually expressed by an infinitive:

• volunt ludere = they want to play

So:

• volunt = they want
• ludere = to play

This is very similar to English want to play.

Foris is an adverb meaning outside or out of doors.

So:

• foris ludere = to play outside

Latin can express this idea with a simple adverb instead of something like in the street or outdoors. It does not need a preposition here.

A literal order would be:

• Pueros tempestatis taedet = The boys are tired of the storm/weather
• quia foris ludere volunt = because they want to play outside

Latin word order is more flexible than English, so the sentence does not have to follow a strict subject-verb-object pattern. Here the important thing is recognizing the constructions:

• pueros = accusative with taedet
• tempestatis = genitive with taedet
• volunt + infinitive = want to play

Yes. Tempestas can mean storm, but in many contexts it can also mean weather, especially unpleasant weather.

So the sentence could be understood as:

• The boys are tired of the storm or
• The boys are tired of the weather / bad weather

The right choice depends on context.

Yes, but this sentence uses a very typical Latin idiom.

Instead of trying to match English structure, it is better to learn the pattern:

• accusative person + genitive thing + taedet

For example:

• me laboris taedet = I am tired of work
• eos belli taedet = they are tired of war

So this sentence is a good example of an important Latin construction rather than a word-for-word match with English.