Post tempestatem spes nova in civitate oritur, quia fama pacis iterum auditur.

Because post is a preposition that takes the accusative case when it means after.

• post tempestatem = after the storm
• tempestas is the dictionary form
• tempestatem is its accusative singular form

A native English speaker often expects prepositions to work more loosely, but in Latin each preposition usually requires a specific case.

Spes nova is nominative singular, because it is the subject of oritur.

• spes = hope
• nova = new
• together: new hope

Latin marks the subject with endings, so even if the word order changes, spes nova is still understood as the thing that is arising.

No, it does not basically change the meaning. Latin word order is much freer than English word order because the endings already show the grammar.

So both of these mean the same thing:

• spes nova
• nova spes

The usual difference is only one of style, rhythm, or emphasis, not a major difference in meaning.

Spes is a fifth-declension noun.

Its basic forms include:

• nominative singular: spes
• genitive singular: spei

This is useful because fifth-declension nouns are less common than first and second declension nouns, so learners often notice them.

Because in with the meaning in / within takes the ablative.

• in civitate = in the city / in the state / in the community

Compare:

• in + ablative = location, in
• in + accusative = motion into, into

So:

• in civitate = in the city
• in civitatem = into the city

It comes from civitas, which can mean several related things:

• city
• state
• community
• body of citizens

The exact English word depends on context. A learner should know that Latin words often cover a wider range than a single English word.

Oritur comes from orior, which is a deponent verb.

A deponent verb:

• has passive-looking forms
• but an active meaning

So oritur looks passive, but it means:

• arises
• comes forth
• begins

It does not mean is arisen here.

Because orior is deponent. Deponent verbs keep passive endings but are translated actively.

So:

• oritur = he/she/it arises
• not he/she/it is arisen

This is one of the most unfamiliar features for English speakers learning Latin.

Quia introduces a clause giving a reason:

• quia fama pacis iterum auditur = because the report/news of peace is heard again

So the sentence has a main idea and then a cause:

• main clause: Post tempestatem spes nova in civitate oritur
• reason clause: quia fama pacis iterum auditur

Pacis is genitive singular from pax, meaning peace.

It depends on fama:

• fama pacis = report of peace / news of peace / rumor of peace

The genitive often shows a relationship like of in English.

It is related to English fame, but here it more likely means:

• report
• rumor
• news
• word

So fama pacis is probably news/report of peace, not fame of peace.

This is a good reminder that English derivatives do not always match the Latin meaning exactly.

Auditur is the present passive of audio:

• audit = he/she/it hears
• auditur = he/she/it is heard

Latin often uses a passive expression where English might use something more idiomatic, such as:

• news of peace is heard again
• word of peace is heard again
• people hear news of peace again

The passive makes fama pacis the grammatical subject of the clause.

Latin often leaves that unspecified when it is not important.

Here the point is not who hears it, but the fact that the news is being heard again. That is enough to explain why hope is arising.

English can do something similar:

• News of peace is being heard again

without saying exactly who hears it.

Iterum is an adverb meaning again. It modifies the verb auditur.

So:

• iterum auditur = is heard again

It tells us that this is not the first time the report of peace has been heard.

Yes. Latin adverbs often have flexible placement.

For example, Latin could place iterum in different spots and still mean roughly the same thing. Its position may affect emphasis, but not the basic grammar.

In this sentence, putting it near auditur is very natural because it clearly modifies that verb.

Because classical Latin has no articles.

So:

• tempestatem can mean a storm or the storm
• spes nova can mean new hope or a new hope
• in civitate can mean in the city or in a city

You decide from the context which English article sounds best.

The word quia is the clearest signal. It introduces the second clause.

So the structure is:

• Post tempestatem spes nova in civitate oritur
  = main clause
• quia fama pacis iterum auditur
  = subordinate clause of reason

Even without punctuation, quia helps you divide the sentence correctly.

Not as much as it would be in English. Latin relies more on endings than on word order.

Still, the given order is quite natural:

• Post tempestatem sets the time first
• spes nova introduces the new subject
• in civitate gives the setting
• oritur completes the main statement
• quia... adds the reason

So the order helps the sentence flow, even though the grammar is shown mainly by the forms of the words.