Mane mater prima surgit et aquam calidam parat.

Because mane is an adverb meaning in the morning or early in the morning. Latin often uses a single word where English needs a prepositional phrase.

So:

• mane = in the morning
• not in + morning as two separate words

This is very normal in Latin.

Latin does not have articles like English the and a/an.

So mater can mean:

• mother
• the mother
• sometimes even a mother

The exact meaning depends on context. In this sentence, English naturally uses mother or the mother, but Latin does not need a separate word for that.

Mater is nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject of the sentence.

We know it is the subject because:

• surgit = she gets up / rises
• parat = she prepares
• both verbs are third person singular
• mater is the noun that matches that role

So mater is the one doing both actions.

Because prima agrees with mater.

Mater is:

• feminine
• singular
• nominative

So the adjective must match it:

• prima = feminine singular nominative

This is a basic Latin rule: adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.

Literally, prima means first. In this sentence it means that mother gets up first.

Depending on context, English might express the idea more naturally as gets up early, but grammatically Latin is saying mother is first to get up.

So prima is still the adjective first, agreeing with mater.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order.

Even though prima describes mater, it does not have to stand right beside it. Its ending shows that it belongs with mater:

• mater = feminine singular nominative
• prima = feminine singular nominative

That agreement makes the connection clear.

So Latin can say:

• mater prima surgit
• or prima mater surgit

Both would still mean that the mother is first to get up.

The ending -t tells you the verb is:

• third person
• singular
• present tense
• active voice

So:

• surgit = he/she/it gets up
• parat = he/she/it prepares

Since the subject is mater, we understand them as she gets up and she prepares.

Latin verb endings usually already show the person and number, so a subject pronoun is often unnecessary.

For example:

• surgit already means she/he/it gets up
• parat already means she/he/it prepares

Since mater is named as the subject, Latin does not need to add ea (she). English usually does need the pronoun, but Latin often does not.

Aquam is accusative singular.

It is accusative because it is the direct object of parat. It is the thing being prepared:

• parat aquam calidam = she prepares hot water

The ending -am is a common sign of first-declension accusative singular.

Because calidam agrees with aquam.

Aquam is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So the adjective must match:

• calidam = feminine singular accusative

Again, Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

Yes. Latin word order is flexible because the endings show the grammar.

For example, these would still mean basically the same thing:

• Mane mater prima surgit et aquam calidam parat.
• Mater mane prima surgit et aquam calidam parat.
• Aquam calidam mane mater prima parat et surgit.
  (less natural, but still understandable)

However, word order can affect emphasis. The given sentence is fairly straightforward and natural.

Et means and. It joins the two verbs:

• surgit = gets up
• parat = prepares

So the mother does two actions:

1. she gets up first in the morning
2. she prepares hot water

Yes, if you look at the words one by one:

• aquam = water
• calidam = hot

But because calidam agrees with aquam, the phrase means hot water.

Latin often puts adjectives after nouns, although they can also come before them. So both of these are possible in Latin:

• aquam calidam
• calidam aquam

It can mean both, depending on context.

The basic meaning is rises or gets up. In a sentence about a mother in the morning, English usually says gets up because that sounds more natural.

So the Latin word is simple, but the best English translation depends on context.