Magistra unam quaestionem ponit, et discipula breve responsum dat.

Yes. Both nouns are feminine:

• magistra = a female teacher
• discipula = a female student

If they were male, Latin would usually use magister and discipulus. Latin often shows gender directly in the noun itself.

Because this phrase is the direct object of ponit.

The teacher is doing something to the question, so question must be in the accusative singular:

• quaestio = nominative, a question as subject
• quaestionem = accusative, a question as object

The adjective unam also has to match quaestionem in gender, number, and case:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So unam quaestionem means one question as the object of the verb.

Ponit comes from pono, ponere, which literally means to put or to place.

But with quaestionem, it is used idiomatically: quaestionem ponere means to put forward / pose / ask a question.

So here ponit is best understood as asks or poses.

Both are:

• 3rd person singular
• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood

So:

• ponit = she poses / asks
• dat = she gives

They are singular because each verb has a singular subject:

• magistra ponit
• discipula dat

Latin often uses a noun + verb expression where English prefers a single verb.

So:

• responsum dat = gives an answer
• natural English = answers

This is very normal Latin. You could also find respondet for she answers, but this sentence uses responsum dare, which is a common and perfectly idiomatic way to express the idea.

Because responsum is a neuter noun.

The adjective brevis, breve must agree with it, so here it has to be neuter singular accusative.

For this adjective, the neuter nominative and accusative singular form is breve.

So:

• brevis = masculine/feminine nominative singular
• breve = neuter nominative or accusative singular

Since responsum is neuter and is the direct object, breve responsum is correct.

Here is the breakdown:

• Magistra — nominative singular, subject of ponit
• unam quaestionem — accusative singular, direct object of ponit
• discipula — nominative singular, subject of dat
• breve responsum — accusative singular, direct object of dat

And et simply joins the two clauses as and.

Because Latin does not have articles like English does.

So Latin often leaves it to context whether you should translate a noun as:

• a teacher
• the teacher
• or sometimes just teacher

That means magistra could mean the teacher or a teacher, depending on the context. The same is true for the other nouns in the sentence.

No. Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because the endings show each word's role.

This sentence uses a clear, natural order, but other arrangements are possible, for example for emphasis.

For instance, Latin could rearrange the words and still keep the same basic meaning because the case endings still show:

• who is the subject
• what is the object

So the meaning depends more on endings than on position.

The main dictionary forms are:

• magistra, magistrae — female teacher
• unus, una, unum — one
• quaestio, quaestionis — question
• pono, ponere, posui, positum — put, place; pose
• et — and
• discipula, discipulae — female student
• brevis, breve — brief, short
• responsum, responsi — answer, response
• do, dare, dedi, datum — give

These are the forms you would normally look up in a dictionary or vocabulary list.