Civis incensus immunis non est.

It breaks down like this:

• civis = the subject, citizen
• incensus = an adjective describing the citizen
• immunis = a predicate adjective, linked to the subject by est
• non est = is not

So the pattern is:

subject + describing adjective + predicate adjective + negated verb

In other words, it means something like:

The angry citizen is not immune/exempt.

Civis is nominative singular.

We know it is the subject because:

• est means is, and forms of esse normally take a subject in the nominative.
• immunis is also nominative, functioning as a predicate adjective.
• There is no direct object here, because est does not take one in this kind of sentence.

So civis is the person being talked about: the citizen.

Incensus is nominative singular masculine.

It is in that form because it agrees with civis in:

• case: nominative
• number: singular
• gender: masculine

Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe. So if the citizen is masculine, incensus is the correct form.

If the citizen were feminine, you would expect incensa instead.

It can mean more than one thing depending on context.

Common possibilities include:

• inflamed
• enraged
• angry
• sometimes more literally set on fire or burning

In many teaching sentences, it is often understood as angry or enraged, but the exact meaning depends on the context you were given.

So a learner should remember that Latin words often have a range of meanings, not just one fixed English equivalent.

Actually, immunis does match where it needs to.

It is nominative singular, and it can be:

• masculine nominative singular, or
• feminine nominative singular

So it agrees with the subject civis as a predicate adjective.

The reason it does not look like incensus is that adjectives can belong to different declensions.
Incensus is a first/second-declension adjective in this form, while immunis is a third-declension adjective.

Different declensions have different endings, even when the grammar is the same.

Immunis is a predicate adjective.

That means it is not just directly describing the noun the way incensus does. Instead, it is linked to the subject by est:

• civis incensus = the angry citizen
• immunis est = is immune/exempt

So immunis tells you what the citizen is or is not.

That is why the sentence does not mean:

• the immune angry citizen

but rather:

• the angry citizen is not immune/exempt

Latin usually does not have articles like English the or a/an.

So civis can mean:

• a citizen
• the citizen

Which one is best depends on context.

This is very normal in Latin. Learners often want every noun to have an article because English usually does, but Latin generally leaves that unstated.

Non is the standard Latin word for not, and it usually goes directly before the word it negates.

Here it negates est, so:

• non est = is not

That is one of the most common negative patterns in Latin.

Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because Latin uses endings to show grammatical relationships.

Placing est at the end is very normal Latin style. In fact, forms of esse are often postponed.

So although English prefers:

• The angry citizen is not immune

Latin can naturally say:

• Civis incensus immunis non est

with the verb at the end.

Yes, often they could.

For example, Latin could also say:

• Civis immunis non est incensus — but this would likely change the meaning, because now incensus sounds more like the predicate adjective.
• Incensus civis immunis non est
• Immunis civis incensus non est — again, this may shift emphasis and can create ambiguity.

So the exact arrangement matters for emphasis and sometimes for which adjective feels attributive or predicative, but Latin does allow more variation than English.

In the given sentence, civis incensus naturally goes together as the angry citizen, and immunis non est as is not immune/exempt.

This is a very common learner question, because both adjectives are nominative singular.

The main clue is position and sentence pattern:

• civis incensus naturally forms a noun phrase: the angry citizen
• immunis non est naturally forms the predicate: is not immune

So the sentence is read as:

• [civis incensus] [immunis non est]

Latin can sometimes be ambiguous, but this is the most natural reading here.

Civis itself can be either masculine or feminine, depending on the person meant.

But in this sentence, incensus is masculine, so the citizen is being treated as masculine.

If it referred to a female citizen, you would expect:

• Civis incensa immunis non est

So the adjective helps reveal the intended gender.

Yes. English immune comes from Latin immunis.

In Latin, immunis can mean things like:

• free from a burden
• exempt
• immune

So seeing the connection to English can help you remember it, but you should still pay attention to context, because the best translation is not always exactly the modern English scientific sense of immune.

Because this is a sentence with to be.

With est, Latin commonly uses:

• a nominative subject
• a nominative predicate noun or adjective

So:

• civis = nominative subject
• immunis = nominative predicate adjective

This is similar to English in a sentence like:

• The citizen is angry

where citizen is the subject and angry is linked back to it through is.

You would normally look them up as:

• civis, civis = citizen
• incensus, -a, -um = inflamed, enraged, angry, etc.
• immunis, immune = exempt, immune
• non = not
• sum, esse → est = is

This is useful because the exact form in the sentence is often not the form listed in a dictionary entry.