Learn Hardcore Italian: Le porto un caffè caldo in ufficio. - I bring her a hot coffee to the office.

Le is the formal Italian indirect object pronoun meaning “to you” (polite). Ti is the informal equivalent, so you use Le when addressing someone with respect.

What does Le refer to in this sentence?

It refers to the person receiving the coffee—“to you.” In Italian, context or prior conversation usually makes it clear who “you” is.

Why is the pronoun placed before porto rather than after it?

In the present indicative (and most non-compound tenses), object pronouns are placed before the verb (proclisis). So you say Le porto and not porto Le.

Why is there no io in front of porto to mean “I bring”?

Italian often drops subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows the person. Porto uniquely signals “I bring,” so io is unnecessary unless you want to add emphasis.

Why is caldo placed after caffè and not before?

Most descriptive adjectives follow the noun in Italian. Placing caldo after caffè sounds natural and neutral: un caffè caldo (“a warm coffee”).

Why is it in ufficio and not al ufficio or all’ufficio?

Certain locations like offices, schools, and rooms use in without an article in Italian. So you go in ufficio (“at the office”) rather than al ufficio.

What tense and person is porto, and how do you conjugate portare in the present?

Porto is the first-person singular present indicative of portare (“to bring”). The full present-tense conjugation is: • io porto
• tu porti
• lui/lei porta
• noi portiamo
• voi portate
• loro portano

Is this sentence formal or informal in tone?

It’s formal because of the pronoun Le. If you wanted to be informal you’d say Ti porto un caffè caldo in ufficio.