Tanah yang gembur membuat bibit itu lebih cepat tumbuh.

Here yang introduces a descriptive clause that modifies tanah.

So:

• tanah = soil
• yang gembur = that is loose / that is crumbly

Together, tanah yang gembur means soil that is loose/crumbly.

In English, we often use that is or sometimes just an adjective. Indonesian often uses yang to connect a noun to a description.

Gembur means loose, soft, crumbly, friable, not compacted.

It is often used for soil, and it suggests soil that has enough air and is easy for roots to grow in. So this is not just soft in a general sense; it is a very natural word for well-loosened soil.

Membuat literally means to make, but in sentences like this it often means to cause.

So:

• Tanah yang gembur membuat bibit itu lebih cepat tumbuh
• literally: Loose soil makes that seedling grow faster
• natural meaning: Loose soil causes the seedling to grow faster

This is a very common Indonesian pattern:

• X membuat Y + complement

Here:

• X = tanah yang gembur
• Y = bibit itu
• complement = lebih cepat tumbuh

So the soil causes the seedling to grow more quickly.

Bibit itu is the thing affected by membuat.

• bibit = seedling / young plant / planting material, depending on context
• itu = that / the

So bibit itu means that seedling or sometimes the seedling, depending on context.

In the sentence, it is the object of membuat:

• Tanah yang gembur = the cause
• membuat = causes
• bibit itu = the thing being affected
• lebih cepat tumbuh = the result

In Indonesian, demonstratives like ini and itu usually come after the noun:

• bibit itu = that seedling
• tanah itu = that soil
• rumah ini = this house

This is different from English, where this/that usually come before the noun.

Also, in many contexts itu can sound like the as well as that, especially when referring to something already known in the conversation.

Literally, it means more fast grow, but natural English is grow faster.

Breakdown:

• lebih = more
• cepat = fast / quickly
• tumbuh = grow

So lebih cepat tumbuh means to grow more quickly or to grow faster.

Indonesian does not separate adjectives and adverbs as strictly as English does. The word cepat can mean both fast and quickly, depending on context.

Both are possible.

• lebih cepat tumbuh
• tumbuh lebih cepat

Both can mean grow faster.

The version in your sentence, lebih cepat tumbuh, places the focus slightly earlier on the idea of faster.
The version tumbuh lebih cepat may feel a bit more straightforward to some learners because it matches grow faster more directly.

So this is not a major grammar difference. It is mostly about phrasing and emphasis, and both are natural in Indonesian.

Functionally, it works like an adverb here because it describes how the seedling grows.

But in Indonesian, many words can function as either adjective or adverb without changing form. So cepat can mean:

• fast as an adjective
• quickly as an adverb-like modifier

In this sentence:

• lebih cepat tumbuh = grow more quickly

So even though English would use quickly, Indonesian simply uses cepat.

Yes, that is also possible and natural.

• Tanah yang gembur = soil that is loose
• Tanah gembur = loose soil

Both can work. The version with yang sounds a little more explicitly descriptive, while the version without yang is more compact.

So:

• Tanah gembur membuat bibit itu lebih cepat tumbuh
• Tanah yang gembur membuat bibit itu lebih cepat tumbuh

Both are acceptable, with only a small difference in style.

The structure is:

• Tanah yang gembur = subject
• membuat = verb
• bibit itu = object
• lebih cepat tumbuh = complement/result

So the sentence follows this pattern:

[Cause] + membuat + [thing affected] + [result]

A very literal breakdown is:

• Tanah yang gembur = loose soil
• membuat = makes
• bibit itu = that seedling
• lebih cepat tumbuh = grow faster

This is a common Indonesian way to express causation.

It depends on context.

Bibit is a broad word used in agriculture and gardening. It can refer to:

• a seedling
• a young plant
• planting stock
• sometimes seed in a broader practical sense

In this sentence, because it tumbuh and is helped by loose soil, seedling or young plant is probably the best translation.

It is not always exactly the same as:

• biji = seed, pit, kernel
• benih = seed, especially in agricultural/biological contexts

So bibit often suggests something that is already at the stage of being planted or grown.

It is neutral and standard Indonesian.

Nothing in the sentence is slangy or unusually formal. It would fit well in:

• a textbook
• a science explanation
• a gardening discussion
• general written Indonesian

So it is a very useful model sentence for learners.