Skeiðin er á borðinu.

• skeiðin = the spoon
• er = is
• á = on
• borðinu = the table

So the structure is very close to English: subject + verb + prepositional phrase.

In Icelandic, the definite article is usually added to the end of the noun as a suffix.

So:

• skeið = spoon
• skeiðin = the spoon

And:

• borð = table
• borðinu = the table in the form required here

This is one of the first big differences English speakers notice. Instead of a separate word like the, Icelandic often builds that meaning directly into the noun.

Because skeið is a feminine noun.

The form of the attached definite article depends on gender, number, and case. Here:

• skeið is feminine
• it is singular
• it is the subject, so it is in the nominative

That gives skeiðin = the spoon.

If it were a neuter noun, you would often see -ið instead.

• skeið is feminine
• borð is neuter

Gender matters in Icelandic because it affects:

• the form of the definite article
• adjective endings
• some pronouns and other agreement patterns

In this sentence, gender is one reason the nouns end differently:

• skeiðin
• borðinu

Because the preposition á takes different cases depending on meaning.

Here, á means location: on.
When á shows location, it usually takes the dative case.

So:

• borðið = the table in nominative/accusative
• borðinu = the table in dative

That is why the sentence says á borðinu = on the table.

A very useful contrast is:

• á borðinu = on the table (location)
• á borðið = onto the table (movement toward it)

It is singular: the spoon.

An English speaker might wonder because -in does not look obviously singular if you are used to English patterns. But here it is a feminine singular definite form.

The plural would be different, for example:

• skeiðarnar = the spoons

So:

• Skeiðin er ... = The spoon is ...
• Skeiðarnar eru ... = The spoons are ...

Because the subject, skeiðin, is singular.

er is the third-person singular present form of að vera = to be.

Compare:

• Skeiðin er á borðinu. = The spoon is on the table.
• Skeiðarnar eru á borðinu. = The spoons are on the table.

So the verb changes according to whether the subject is singular or plural.

Yes, but the neutral, straightforward order is:

Skeiðin er á borðinu.

You can also front the location for emphasis:

Á borðinu er skeiðin.

That still means roughly The spoon is on the table, but it gives more focus to on the table.

A useful thing to know is that Icelandic often follows a verb-second pattern. If you move á borðinu to the front, the verb er still stays in the second position.

Icelandic does not have an indefinite article like English a/an.

So a bare noun can often have that meaning:

• skeið = a spoon or just spoon, depending on context

However, for an existential idea like There is a spoon on the table, Icelandic often prefers:

• Það er skeið á borðinu.

That is often more natural than simply:

• Skeið er á borðinu.

So the important point is: Icelandic has no separate word that exactly matches English a.

Not always. Á is a very common preposition and can mean things like on, onto, and in some contexts even other related ideas.

The key thing for beginners is that with á, the case often helps show the difference:

• dative for location: á borðinu = on the table
• accusative for movement toward: á borðið = onto the table

So the preposition itself stays the same, but the noun ending helps show the meaning.

Because the sentence is talking about a specific spoon and a specific table:

• skeiðin = the spoon
• borðinu = the table

This is completely normal. It is just like English:

• The spoon is on the table.

The speaker assumes the listener can identify both things from the context.

The letter ð is usually pronounced like the th in this, not like the th in thin.

So:

• skeiðin has a soft voiced th sound
• borðinu does too

English speakers often need a little practice with this sound, but if you can say the th in this, you are very close.