A zenekar gitárral és dobbal játszik.

A is the Hungarian definite article, meaning the.

So:

• a zenekar = the band

Hungarian has two forms of the:

• a before most consonants
• az before vowels

Since zenekar begins with z, it takes a.

Zenekar means band or orchestra, depending on context.

Even though a band contains several people, zenekar is grammatically a singular noun in Hungarian, so the verb is also singular:

• A zenekar ... játszik. = The band ... plays.

This works much like English the band plays, where band is also grammatically singular.

Játszik is the 3rd person singular form of játszani, which means to play.

Here it means plays.

So:

• játszani = to play
• játszik = he/she/it plays

Because the subject is a zenekar (the band), Hungarian uses játszik.

These words are in the instrumental/comitative case, which often corresponds to English with.

The basic ending is:

• -val / -vel = with

So in principle:

• gitár + -val
• dob + -val

But Hungarian has a sound change here: when -val/-vel is added, the v often disappears and the last consonant of the noun is doubled.

That is why:

• gitár + val → gitárral
• dob + val → dobbal

This is completely normal Hungarian spelling.

It means with, and in this sentence it shows the instruments used.

So:

• gitárral = with a guitar
• dobbal = with a drum

In Hungarian, this case is often used to express:

• accompaniment: with someone
• instrument: with something / using something

Here it is the instrument meaning.

Hungarian often uses the singular where English might prefer a plural or a more general expression.

So:

• gitárral és dobbal játszik

can naturally refer to music involving guitar and drums, even though English might say:

• plays guitar and drums
• plays with guitars and drums
• plays with guitar and drums

Hungarian does not need the plural here to express the general idea.

Hungarian often leaves out the article when talking about things in a general way, especially with means or instruments.

So instead of saying something like with the guitar and the drum, the sentence simply says:

• gitárral és dobbal

This sounds natural when the focus is on the instruments being used, not on specific individually identified objects.

És means and.

So:

• gitárral és dobbal = with a guitar and a drum

It simply links the two nouns.

This is a neutral, straightforward Hungarian word order:

• A zenekar = the subject
• gitárral és dobbal = additional information about how/with what
• játszik = the verb

So the sentence is structured as:

• The band
  • with guitar and drums
    • plays

Hungarian word order is flexible, but this version is a natural neutral sentence.

For example, changing the order could shift emphasis:

• Gitárral és dobbal játszik a zenekar.
  This puts more focus on with guitar and drums.

Not exactly in structure, even if the overall meaning may be close in context.

This sentence literally uses the instrumental idea:

• with a guitar and a drum

So grammatically, it emphasizes the instruments used rather than treating them as direct objects.

A learner should mainly notice that Hungarian often expresses this kind of idea with -val/-vel.

This follows vowel harmony, a major feature of Hungarian.

Very roughly:

• use -val after back vowels
• use -vel after front vowels

Examples:

• dob → dobbal
• ház → házzal
• kéz → kézzel
• szék → székkel

In your sentence:

• gitár takes -val → gitárral
• dob takes -val → dobbal

Then the normal consonant doubling happens in spelling.

Yes. The doubled consonant is really pronounced as a longer consonant.

So:

• gitárral has a long r
• dobbal has a long b

This is important in Hungarian pronunciation, because double consonants are meaningful and are normally pronounced clearly.