A telefon töltője a polcon van, nem a táskában.

Because Hungarian marks possession directly on the possessed noun.

• töltő = charger
• töltője = his/her/its charger

So a telefon töltője literally means the phone its-charger, which is how Hungarian normally says the phone’s charger or the charger of the phone.

The -je ending is a 3rd person singular possessive suffix. It shows that the charger belongs to the phone.

Both are possible, but they are used a little differently.

• a telefon töltője = the most neutral, common way to say the phone’s charger
• a telefonnak a töltője = more explicit or more emphasized, literally the charger of the phone

In everyday Hungarian, when the possessor comes right before the possessed noun, it often appears without the -nak/-nek ending.

So in this sentence, a telefon töltője is the natural choice.

-je is a possessive ending meaning his/her/its.

In this sentence:

• töltő = charger
• töltője = his/her/its charger

Because telefon is third person, Hungarian uses the third-person possessive suffix on töltő.

You will often see this pattern:

• a fiú könyve = the boy’s book
• a nő táskája = the woman’s bag
• a telefon töltője = the phone’s charger

The exact form of the suffix changes depending on the word, so sometimes you get -ja, sometimes -je, sometimes other forms.

Hungarian uses the definite article a/az very often, including where English would use the.

Here:

• A telefon töltője = The phone’s charger
• a polcon = on the shelf
• a táskában = in the bag

So each definite noun phrase gets its own article.

Also, a and az are the same word; the choice depends on the following sound:

• a before a consonant: a telefon
• az before a vowel: az asztal

Because Hungarian uses a special case ending for being on a surface: -on/-en/-ön.

• polc = shelf
• polcon = on the shelf

This is called the superessive case.

Hungarian often expresses location with case endings instead of separate words like on, in, at.

Examples:

• az asztalon = on the table
• a széken = on the chair
• a földön = on the ground

So a polcon van literally means is shelf-on.

Because Hungarian uses the case ending -ban/-ben to mean in something.

• táska = bag
• táskában = in the bag

This is called the inessive case.

So the sentence contrasts two different kinds of location:

• a polcon = on the shelf
• a táskában = in the bag

Hungarian is very precise about these location endings.

Because they express different meanings.

• -ban/-ben = in
• -on/-en/-ön = on

So:

• táskában = in the bag
• polcon = on the shelf

The ending is chosen by the meaning of the location, not just by the noun itself.

Very roughly:

• use -ban/-ben for being inside
• use -on/-en/-ön for being on a surface

This is because of vowel harmony.

Hungarian suffixes usually match the type of vowels in the word:

• back vowels usually take -ban
• front vowels usually take -ben

táska has back vowels (á, a), so it becomes:

• táskában

Compare:

• székben = in the chair
• kertben = in the garden

Those words have front vowels, so they take -ben.

That is a very common question.

Hungarian often omits van in the present tense only when the predicate is a noun or adjective:

• A telefon új. = The phone is new.
• Ő tanár. = He/she is a teacher.

But with location, Hungarian normally uses van:

• A telefon a táskában van. = The phone is in the bag.
• A töltő a polcon van. = The charger is on the shelf.

So here van is necessary because the sentence says where something is.

Because this is a contrastive structure: it is on the shelf, not in the bag.

The full sentence is:

• A telefon töltője a polcon van, nem a táskában.

The second part is almost an abbreviated clause. It really means something like:

• not in the bag
• understood: it is not in the bag

Hungarian often leaves out repeated words when the meaning is clear.

If you wanted a full negative sentence by itself, you could say:

• A telefon töltője nincs a táskában. = The phone charger is not in the bag.

So:

• nem a táskában = contrastive, elliptical
• nincs a táskában = full negative statement

Yes, Hungarian word order is flexible, but different orders change the emphasis.

The given sentence:

• A telefon töltője a polcon van, nem a táskában.

This is a natural way to say:

• The phone charger is on the shelf, not in the bag.

But you could also say:

• A telefon töltője nem a táskában van, hanem a polcon.

This means the same thing, but the contrast is structured more explicitly:

• not in the bag, but on the shelf

Hungarian word order often reflects focus and contrast, not just basic grammar.

No, telefon is in its basic dictionary form.

In the phrase a telefon töltője, the possession is shown on töltője, not on telefon.

So:

• telefon stays plain
• töltője carries the possessive marking

That is a very typical Hungarian pattern.

A very literal breakdown is:

• A = the
• telefon = phone
• töltője = its charger
• a polcon = on the shelf
• van = is
• nem = not
• a táskában = in the bag

So literally:

• The phone its-charger on the shelf is, not in the bag.

Of course, natural English is:

• The phone charger is on the shelf, not in the bag.

Yes. In this sentence, the Hungarian structure clearly means the charger belonging to the phone.

In natural English, that may be translated as:

• the phone charger
• the phone’s charger
• the charger of the phone

Which English version sounds best depends on context, but the Hungarian specifically expresses possession/belonging.