A tányéron van a szendvics, a kés pedig tiszta.

The ending -on is a case suffix meaning on or on top of.

• tányér = plate
• tányéron = on the plate

This is the superessive case in Hungarian. Its form can vary: -on / -en / -ön / -n, depending on the noun.

Hungarian word order is more flexible than English word order. It often shows what the speaker wants to highlight.

Starting with A tányéron puts the location first, something like:

• On the plate is the sandwich
• As for the plate, the sandwich is on it

A more neutral, English-like order would be:

A szendvics a tányéron van.

Both are correct, but they have slightly different emphasis.

In Hungarian, the verb van (is) is usually left out in the present tense, third person, when the predicate is a noun or adjective.

So:

• A kés tiszta. = The knife is clean.

But with location or existence, Hungarian normally keeps van:

• A szendvics a tányéron van. = The sandwich is on the plate.

So that is why you see van in the first clause, but not in the second.

Pedig often means something like:

• and
• while
• whereas
• as for

Here it connects the second clause to the first and adds a slight contrast or shift of topic:

• A tányéron van a szendvics, a kés pedig tiszta.
• The sandwich is on the plate, and the knife is clean.

It is not necessarily a strong but. It is often just a natural Hungarian way to continue with another related fact.

In Hungarian, pedig often comes after the topic or first element of the clause.

So:

• a kés pedig tiszta

is more natural than putting pedig right at the start.

This is a common pattern in Hungarian. English conjunctions usually come before the whole clause, but Hungarian words like pedig often appear in this later position.

A is the Hungarian definite article, meaning the.

So:

• a tányéron = on the plate
• a szendvics = the sandwich
• a kés = the knife

Hungarian uses definite articles in many of the same situations as English when the speaker means a specific, known thing.

Yes, absolutely. That is a correct and natural sentence.

It may feel more straightforward to an English speaker because it matches English structure more closely:

• A szendvics a tányéron van, és a kés tiszta.
• The sandwich is on the plate, and the knife is clean.

The original sentence sounds a bit more Hungarian in the way it organizes information:

• A tányéron van a szendvics highlights the location
• pedig gives a slightly more nuanced connection than simple és

Tiszta is an adjective meaning clean.

In this sentence, it is a predicate adjective: it describes the subject a kés.

So:

• a kés tiszta = literally the knife clean
• natural English: the knife is clean

This is very common in Hungarian, especially because the present-tense is is omitted in sentences like this.

The accent marks show vowel length, not stress.

• á is a long a
• é is a long e

Hungarian stress is usually on the first syllable of the word, whether there is an accent or not. So the accents mainly help with pronunciation and spelling.