אני רוצה לקרוא את המשפט הזה בקול.

Sometimes yes, but in the present tense, Hebrew often keeps the subject pronoun for clarity.

The form רוצה tells you gender and number, but not always clearly person. So without אני, רוצה could mean something like want / wants, depending on context.

So אני רוצה... is a very natural, clear way to say I want...

Yes.

In unpointed Hebrew, both are written רוצה, but they are pronounced differently:

• רוֹצֶה = ro-tseh = masculine singular
• רוֹצָה = ro-tsah = feminine singular

So:

• A male speaker says אני רוצה
• A female speaker also writes אני רוצה, but pronounces it differently

This is very common in Hebrew: the spelling can stay the same while the vowels change.

Because ל־ is the normal marker for the infinitive in Hebrew, often corresponding to English to.

So:

• לקרוא = to read
• לכתוב = to write
• לדבר = to speak

After רוצה (want), Hebrew usually uses this infinitive form:

• אני רוצה לקרוא = I want to read

Usually: lee-KRO

A few helpful points:

• the stress is on the last syllable: kro
• the א at the end is usually not strongly pronounced in modern Israeli Hebrew
• the whole word sounds roughly like likro

So the sentence can be pronounced approximately as:

• ani ro-TSE li-KRO et ha-mish-PAT ha-ZE be-KOL
  if the speaker is male

or

• ani ro-TSA li-KRO et ha-mish-PAT ha-ZE be-KOL
  if the speaker is female

את marks a definite direct object.

It does not mean you here. It is a grammar marker.

In this sentence, the thing being read is המשפט הזה (this sentence), and it is definite/specific, so Hebrew uses את:

• לקרוא את המשפט הזה = to read this sentence

Compare:

• אני קורא ספר = I am reading a book
  no את, because a book is indefinite

• אני קורא את הספר = I am reading the book
  את appears because the book is definite

Because when Hebrew says this + noun in the sense of this sentence, the usual pattern is:

• noun + demonstrative
• and the noun is normally definite

So:

• המשפט הזה = this sentence
• literally: the sentence this

But זה המשפט usually means something more like:

• this is the sentence
• or that’s the sentence

So the word order changes the structure.

Because Hebrew normally treats nouns with this/that as definite.

So Hebrew says:

• הספר הזה = this book
• הילד הזה = this boy
• המשפט הזה = this sentence

Literally, it is often like saying the sentence this.

This is different from English, where we just say this sentence without the.

Here, משפט means sentence in the grammar/language sense.

But משפט can also mean things like:

• judgment
• trial
• legal proceeding

Hebrew often has words with multiple meanings, and context tells you which meaning is intended.
In this sentence, because we are talking about reading something, sentence is the natural meaning.

Literally:

• ב־ = in / with
• קול = voice

So בקול literally means something like in a voice or with voice, but in this context it means:

• out loud
• aloud

So:

• לקרוא את המשפט הזה בקול = to read this sentence aloud

Without בקול, לקרוא could simply mean to read, without saying whether it is silent or out loud.

They are similar, but not exactly identical.

• בקול = aloud / out loud
• בקול רם = literally in a loud voice

In real usage, בקול רם is also commonly used for aloud, especially in teaching or classroom situations. But literally it adds the idea of a stronger or louder voice.

So:

• קרא בקול = read aloud
• קרא בקול רם = read out loud / in a loud voice

Sometimes yes, but this version is the most neutral and straightforward:

• אני רוצה לקרוא את המשפט הזה בקול

You may also hear other orders for emphasis, for example:

• אני רוצה לקרוא בקול את המשפט הזה

That is still understandable, but it may sound a bit more marked or emphasize out loud more.

For a learner, the original sentence is an excellent default pattern to use.

Yes. The verb לקרוא can also mean to call or to name, depending on context.

For example:

• לקרוא ספר = to read a book
• לקרוא למישהו = to call someone
• לקרוא לילד דן = to name the child Dan

In your sentence, because the object is המשפט הזה, the meaning is clearly to read.