ראינו שורש ארוך ליד העץ, ולכן לא רצינו לחפור עמוק מדי.

Because the verbs already include the subject.

• ראינו = we saw
• רצינו = we wanted

In Hebrew, subject pronouns are often omitted when the verb form already makes the subject clear. You could add אנחנו for emphasis, but it is not necessary:

• אנחנו ראינו... = we saw...
• אנחנו לא רצינו... = we didn’t want...

Without אנחנו, the sentence sounds completely normal.

ראינו is past tense, first person plural: we saw.

It comes from the verb לראות (to see). In the past tense, Hebrew often adds endings to show who did the action. The ending -נו usually means we in the past:

• ראיתי = I saw
• ראינו = we saw
• ראיתם = you (plural, masculine/mixed) saw

So ראינו is a very typical past-tense form.

In Hebrew, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe.

So:

• שורש ארוך = a long root
• עץ גבוה = a tall tree
• בית גדול = a big house

This is different from English, where adjectives usually come before the noun.

Also, the adjective must agree with the noun in:

• gender
• number
• definiteness

Here, שורש is masculine singular, so the adjective is also masculine singular: ארוך.

Because שורש is a masculine singular noun.

In Hebrew, adjectives must match the noun they describe:

• masculine singular: ארוך
• feminine singular: ארוכה
• masculine plural: ארוכים
• feminine plural: ארוכות

So:

• שורש ארוך = a long root
• דרך ארוכה = a long road/path

Even if a noun’s meaning does not feel especially masculine or feminine to an English speaker, Hebrew nouns still have grammatical gender, and the adjective must match it.

Hebrew has no indefinite article. There is no separate word for a or an.

So:

• שורש can mean a root or just root, depending on context.
• השורש means the root.

That means שורש ארוך naturally means a long root here.

ליד means near, by, or next to.

So:

• ליד העץ = near the tree
• ליד הבית = near the house

Notice that the definite article ה־ goes on העץ (the tree), not on ליד. That is because ליד is a preposition, not the noun.

A useful comparison:

• עץ = a tree
• העץ = the tree
• ליד עץ = near a tree
• ליד העץ = near the tree

ולכן means and therefore, and so, or simply so.

It is made of two parts:

• ו־ = and
• לכן = therefore / thus

In Hebrew, the conjunction ו־ is usually attached directly to the following word, so it is written as one word:

• ולכן
• ואז
• וראינו

So ולכן לא רצינו... means and therefore we didn’t want... or more naturally in English, so we didn’t want...

Because the meaning is different.

• לא רצינו לחפור = we didn’t want to dig
• לא חפרנו = we didn’t dig

The actual sentence talks about lack of desire or intention, not just the fact that the digging did not happen.

So רצינו is important. It adds the idea of decision, hesitation, or caution.

לחפור is the infinitive form of the verb, meaning to dig.

The infinitive in Hebrew often begins with ל־, which often corresponds to English to:

• לראות = to see
• לחפור = to dig
• ללכת = to go

So in רצינו לחפור, the structure is:

• רצינו = we wanted
• לחפור = to dig

Together: we wanted to dig.

Yes. עמוק is an adjective, but Hebrew often uses adjective forms in places where English would use an adverb.

So:

• לחפור עמוק = to dig deep
• לחפור עמוק מדי = to dig too deep

Hebrew does not always need a special adverb form like English deeply. Very often, the ordinary adjective form is used after the verb.

In this kind of use, the masculine singular form is usually the default:

• מהר = fast / quickly
• חזק = strong / strongly
• עמוק = deep / deeply

מדי means too in the sense of excessively.

It usually comes after the adjective or adverb-like word:

• עמוק מדי = too deep
• מהר מדי = too fast
• יקר מדי = too expensive

So the order is:

• description first
• מדי after it

That is why the sentence says לחפור עמוק מדי and not מדי עמוק in standard neutral wording.

Then both the noun and the adjective would usually become definite.

In Hebrew, when a noun + adjective phrase is definite, the adjective also takes ה־:

• שורש ארוך = a long root
• השורש הארוך = the long root

This is very important in Hebrew. Compare:

• ילד טוב = a good boy
• הילד הטוב = the good boy

So if the sentence meant We saw the long root near the tree, you would expect:

• ראינו את השורש הארוך ליד העץ

Because את is normally used before a definite direct object, not an indefinite one.

Compare:

• ראינו שורש ארוך = we saw a long root
  no את, because שורש ארוך is indefinite

• ראינו את השורש הארוך = we saw the long root
  את appears because השורש הארוך is definite

This is a very common point for English speakers, since English has no direct equivalent of this את.

Yes, it is very natural Hebrew.

The sentence goes:

• ראינו שורש ארוך ליד העץ = We saw a long root near the tree
• ולכן לא רצינו לחפור עמוק מדי = so we didn’t want to dig too deep

This kind of order is common:

1. verb
2. object
3. place or location
4. result/consequence clause

Hebrew word order is somewhat flexible, but this version sounds normal and straightforward.