יש מספיק סוכר לקפה, אבל אין מספיק מלח למרק.

Because Hebrew commonly uses יש and אין to talk about existence or availability.

• יש מספיק סוכר = there is enough sugar
• אין מספיק מלח = there isn’t enough salt

So here, the sentence is not using a normal present-tense verb like English is / isn’t. Instead, Hebrew uses:

• יש = there is / there are
• אין = there isn’t / there aren’t

This is extremely common in Hebrew.

Because אין is the special negative partner of יש.

In standard Hebrew:

• יש = there is / there are
• אין = there is not / there are not

You normally do not say לא יש.

Compare:

• יש זמן = there is time
• אין זמן = there is no time

By contrast, לא is used to negate regular verbs and many other sentence types:

• אני לא יודע = I don’t know
• הוא לא בא = he isn’t coming

So in this sentence, אין is exactly the right form.

Here מספיק means enough.

In the pattern מספיק + noun, it works like a quantity word:

• מספיק סוכר = enough sugar
• מספיק מלח = enough salt
• מספיק זמן = enough time

In this use, מספיק usually stays the same and does not change for gender or number the way some adjectives do.

So even though סוכר and מלח are different nouns, you still use the same מספיק before both of them.

Because Hebrew usually does not need a separate word corresponding to English of in this kind of phrase.

English says:

• enough sugar
• enough salt

Hebrew does the same idea directly:

• מספיק סוכר
• מספיק מלח

So there is no extra word between מספיק and the noun.

If you used a different structure, then Hebrew might use של:

• כמות מספיקה של סוכר = a sufficient amount of sugar

But in your sentence, the shorter and more natural pattern is simply מספיק + noun.

Because the sentence is talking about sugar and salt as substances in general, not about specific previously mentioned sugar and salt.

So Hebrew uses the bare nouns:

• סוכר = sugar
• מלח = salt

This is similar to English mass nouns:

• There is enough sugar
• There isn’t enough salt

You would only add ה־ if you meant a specific sugar or salt already known from context:

• הסוכר
• המלח

But that would sound more specific than the sentence you were given.

Here ל־ means something like for.

So:

• לקפה = for the coffee / for coffee
• למרק = for the soup / for soup

In this sentence, it marks what the sugar or salt is intended for:

• enough sugar for the coffee
• enough salt for the soup

Even though ל־ often gets introduced as to, in many real sentences it is better understood more broadly as to / for depending on context.

Because in Hebrew, the preposition ל־ combines with the definite article ה־.

So:

• ל + ה + קפה becomes לקפה
• ל + ה + מרק becomes למרק

In fully pointed Hebrew, these would be distinguished by vowels:

• לְקפה = for coffee
• לַקפה = for the coffee
• לְמרק = for soup
• לַמרק = for the soup

But in normal everyday Hebrew writing, vowels are usually not written, so both versions look the same. Native speakers understand the intended meaning from context.

The given word order is the most natural and neutral one:

• יש מספיק סוכר לקפה, אבל אין מספיק מלח למרק.

A few points:

• יש / אין commonly come first in this kind of sentence.
• מספיק normally comes before the noun in this pattern.
• אבל works like but and naturally introduces the second clause.

You can move things around for emphasis, but the sentence may sound marked or less neutral. For example:

• לקפה יש מספיק סוכר
  This is possible, but it sounds more like as for the coffee, there is enough sugar.

So for a learner, the original order is the best one to copy.

Yes, you could.

For example:

• יש די סוכר לקפה, אבל אין די מלח למרק.

This is grammatical and means essentially the same thing.

However:

• מספיק is very common in everyday speech.
• די can sound a bit more formal, literary, or concise in some contexts.
• די also has another common meaning: enough! / stop!, as in telling someone to stop doing something.

So both are correct, but מספיק is often the more straightforward choice for learners.

A likely pronunciation is:

yesh maspík sukár la-kafé, avál ein maspík melákh la-marák

A few pronunciation notes:

• יש = yesh
• אין = ein
• מספיק = maspík
• סוכר = sukár
• מלח = melákh
• אבל = avál
• קפה = kafé
• מרק = marák

The kh sound in מלח is like the sound in Scottish loch or German Bach.

Also, because normal Hebrew spelling leaves out vowels, לקפה and למרק could also be read le-kafé / le-marák in a different context. If the meaning is specifically for the coffee and for the soup, then la-kafé and la-marák are the likely pronunciations.