Ο γιατρός μίλησε πρώτα με τον ασθενή και μετά με την ασθενή.

Because ο γιατρός is the subject of the sentence, so it is in the nominative case.

• ο γιατρός = nominative singular, the doctor
• τον γιατρό = accusative singular, used when the doctor is the object

In the same sentence, after με (with), Greek uses the accusative, which is why you get τον ασθενή and την ασθενή.

Yes. γιατρός can be used for both a male and a female doctor. The article shows the gender:

• ο γιατρός = the male doctor
• η γιατρός = the female doctor

So in this sentence, ο tells you the doctor is male.

μίλησε is the aorist (simple past) form of μιλάω / μιλώ (to speak, talk), in the 3rd person singular.

So it means he/she spoke or he/she talked.

The aorist presents the action as a completed whole. Here, it fits the idea of one completed sequence: the doctor spoke first to one patient and then to another.

If Greek wanted to emphasize an ongoing or repeated past action, it would use the imperfect, for example μιλούσε.

These are adverbs that show sequence:

• πρώτα = first
• μετά = then / afterwards

They organize the events in time:

• first with the male patient
• then with the female patient

They do not change form here.

Because με (with) is followed by the accusative case in Modern Greek.

So you get:

• με τον ασθενή
• με την ασθενή

The article changes for gender:

• τον = masculine accusative singular
• την = feminine accusative singular

Because ασθενής is a noun whose masculine and feminine forms are often the same in form, and the article shows the gender.

Here:

• τον ασθενή = the male patient
• την ασθενή = the female patient

So the difference is carried mainly by τον / την, not by the noun itself.

No. ασθενής can also be an adjective meaning sick, ill, or even weak depending on context.

But in this sentence, with the articles τον and την and the context of a doctor speaking to someone, it clearly means patient.

Greek often repeats the preposition in coordinated phrases, especially when there is a word like μετά in between.

So:

• πρώτα με τον ασθενή και μετά με την ασθενή

sounds clear and natural.

If you were simply listing two people without μετά, Greek could sometimes share the preposition more easily. But in this sentence, repeating με is the most natural structure.

Not completely. Greek word order is fairly flexible, and other versions are possible.

This sentence has a very natural, neutral order:

• Ο γιατρός μίλησε πρώτα με τον ασθενή και μετά με την ασθενή.

You could move things around for emphasis, but the version given is probably the most straightforward one for everyday use.

Greek uses the definite article much more often than English does.

Here the article shows that we are talking about specific people:

• ο γιατρός = the specific doctor
• τον ασθενή = the specific male patient
• την ασθενή = the specific female patient

In English, article use can sometimes be lighter, but in Greek it is very normal to include these articles.

Yes. The accent marks show which syllable is stressed, and that matters in Greek pronunciation.

For example:

• γιατρός → stress on the last syllable
• μίλησε → stress on the first syllable
• ασθενή → stress on the last syllable

So the written accents are not optional decoration; they are an important part of the standard spelling.