Learn Hardcore Greek: Αναρωτιέμαι αν θα προλάβω το τρένο αύριο το πρωί. - I wonder if I will catch the train tomorrow morning.

Greek is a pro-drop language: the subject pronoun is usually omitted because the verb ending already shows who the subject is.
Αναρωτιέμαι = I wonder (1st person singular), so εγώ would normally be unnecessary and would add emphasis (like I in I wonder).

What exactly does αναρωτιέμαι mean, and why does it look “passive” or “reflexive”?

Αναρωτιέμαι means I wonder / I ask myself. It’s in the mediopassive form (often used for reflexive-like meanings).
The “active” counterpart exists (αναρωτώ = I ask), but αναρωτιέμαι is the natural verb for “wonder (to oneself).”

How do you pronounce Αναρωτιέμαι αν θα προλάβω το τρένο αύριο το πρωί?

A rough pronunciation guide:

Αναρωτιέμαι: a-na-ro-tee-ME
αν: an
θα: tha (like English th in this)
προλάβω: pro-LA-vo
το τρένο: to TRE-no
αύριο: AV-ryo (often sounds like AV-yo)
το πρωί: to pro-EE

Stress is shown by the accent mark: αναρωτιέμαι, προλάβω, τρένο, αύριο, πρωί.

Why does Greek use αν here? Is it the same as English “if”?

Yes: αν commonly means if / whether.
After a verb like αναρωτιέμαι (I wonder), αν introduces an indirect yes/no question, so it’s like: I wonder whether…

Why do we have both αν and θα together (αν θα προλάβω)?

αν = introduces the indirect question (whether)
θα = marks the future (or future-like meaning)

So αν θα προλάβω literally works out like whether I will manage (to)…. This combination is very common in Modern Greek with verbs like αναρωτιέμαι, δεν ξέρω, ρωτάω etc.

What does θα do grammatically—does it mean “will”?

Mostly, yes. θα is the particle that forms the future in Modern Greek.
θα + verb ≈ will + verb (or sometimes would / is going to, depending on context).
Here it signals a future situation: tomorrow morning.

Why is the verb προλάβω (and not something like a present tense)?

προλάβω is the aorist subjunctive form of προλαβαίνω. After θα, Greek uses this form (even though the overall meaning is future).
So:

θα προλάβω = I will manage / I will make it in time

You don’t normally use a plain present form after θα.

What does προλάβω το τρένο mean exactly—does it literally mean “catch the train”?

It means to make it in time for the train / manage to catch the train (i.e., not miss it).
It emphasizes timing: whether you’ll get there before it leaves. It’s very idiomatic for “catch (transport)” in the sense of “not miss it.”

Why is it το τρένο and not just τρένο?

Greek typically uses the definite article more often than English, especially with specific, known, or contextually obvious things.
το τρένο = the train (likely the one you plan to take).
You can omit the article in some contexts, but το τρένο is the normal choice here.

What case is το τρένο in, and why?

It’s accusative because it’s the direct object of προλάβω (what you’re managing to catch).
Neuter accusative singular looks the same as nominative for many nouns, but the article το confirms it’s neuter singular.

Why is αύριο το πρωί placed at the end? Could it go elsewhere?

Time expressions often go at the end, but Greek word order is flexible. You could also say:

Αναρωτιέμαι αν αύριο το πρωί θα προλάβω το τρένο.
Αναρωτιέμαι αν θα προλάβω αύριο το πρωί το τρένο.

The original ending position is very natural and keeps the sentence flowing.

What’s the difference between αύριο το πρωί and just αύριο πρωί?

αύριο το πρωί is the most common, natural way to say tomorrow morning.
αύριο πρωί exists, but it can feel a bit more “note-like”/telegraphic depending on context. Using το makes it sound smoother and more standard in everyday speech.