Breakdown of Χωρίς επανάληψη δεν υπάρχει αληθινή πρόοδος, όσο έξυπνος κι αν είσαι.
είμαι
to be
δεν
not
υπάρχω
to exist
χωρίς
without
Questions & Answers about Χωρίς επανάληψη δεν υπάρχει αληθινή πρόοδος, όσο έξυπνος κι αν είσαι.
What is the basic word-by-word breakdown of this sentence?
The sentence is:
Χωρίς επανάληψη δεν υπάρχει αληθινή πρόοδος, όσο έξυπνος κι αν είσαι.
Word by word:
- Χωρίς – without
- επανάληψη – repetition (noun, feminine, accusative singular)
- δεν – not (negation for the verb)
- υπάρχει – there is / exists
- αληθινή – true, real (adjective, feminine, nominative singular)
- πρόοδος – progress (noun, feminine, nominative singular)
- όσο – as… (here in the pattern όσο + adjective… = however… / no matter how…)
- έξυπνος – smart (adjective, masculine, nominative singular)
- κι – shortened form of και (and), here part of the fixed pattern κι αν
- αν – if
- είσαι – you are (2nd person singular of είμαι)
Literal structure: Without repetition not exists real progress, as smart and if you are.
Natural English: Without repetition there is no real progress, no matter how smart you are.
Why is επανάληψη in the accusative case?
The preposition χωρίς (without) in Greek always takes the accusative case.
- Nominative: η επανάληψη – the repetition (subject form)
- Accusative: (τη) επανάληψη – (the) repetition (object form)
In the sentence we have:
- Χωρίς επανάληψη – without repetition
So επανάληψη is accusative because it is governed by χωρίς.