Learn Hardcore Greek: Η οργάνωση ενημερώνει τον κόσμο πώς να προστατεύει τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα. - The organization informs people how to protect the fish and the other animals.

η οργάνωση = the organization (subject of the sentence)
If it were masculine, we would use ο, and if neuter, το, but here the noun itself is grammatically feminine, so it must take η in the nominative.

What is the form «ενημερώνει», and which tense is it?

ενημερώνει is:

3rd person singular
Present tense
Active voice
From the verb ενημερώνω = to inform, to update.

So ενημερώνει means “(he/she/it) informs” or “is informing”.

In the sentence, the subject is η οργάνωση, so:

Η οργάνωση ενημερώνει… = The organization informs… / The organization is informing…

Why is it «τον κόσμο» and not something like «ο κόσμος» here?

τον κόσμο is in the accusative case, used for the direct object of the verb.

ο κόσμος = nominative (used for the subject)
τον κόσμο = accusative (used for the object)

The verb ενημερώνει answers “whom does it inform?” → τον κόσμο.

So:

Η οργάνωση (subject, nominative)
ενημερώνει (verb)
τον κόσμο (object, accusative)

Does «κόσμος» mean “world” or “people” here?

Literally, κόσμος means “world” or “universe”, but in everyday Greek it very often means “people”, “the public”, or “everyone”.

In this sentence, ενημερώνει τον κόσμο is better understood as:

“informs the public / informs people”

So it doesn’t mean “informs the world how to protect the fish…” in a literal geographic sense; it’s more like “informs people in general”.

Why is «πώς» written with an accent here, and what’s the difference between πώς and πως?

In modern Greek:

πώς (with accent) is an interrogative or exclamative adverb meaning “how”.
πως (without accent) is mostly a conjunction meaning “that” (similar to ότι).

In the sentence πώς να προστατεύει…:

We have πώς = “how”, so it must keep the accent.
The phrase means “how to protect…”.

So:

Μου είπε πώς να πάω. = He told me how to go.
Μου είπε πως θα έρθει. = He told me that he will come.

What is the function of «να» in «πώς να προστατεύει»?

να introduces a subjunctive clause in Greek. It often corresponds to “to” or “that” in English, depending on the context.

In πώς να προστατεύει, να:

Marks that προστατεύει is in a subjunctive-like construction.
The expression πώς να προστατεύει means “how (someone) should / can / is to protect” → effectively “how to protect”.

So the structure is:

ενημερώνει τον κόσμο πώς να προστατεύει…
= informs people how to protect…

Why is it «να προστατεύει» (present) and not «να προστατεύσει» (aorist)?

Greek distinguishes aspect even inside the subjunctive-like forms:

να προστατεύει (present subjunctive form) → emphasizes ongoing, repeated, or habitual action: how to be protecting / how to protect in general.
να προστατεύσει (aorist subjunctive form) → emphasizes a single, complete action: how to protect (once, successfully).

Here, because the sentence is about general rules and ongoing protection of animals, να προστατεύει is natural:

how to protect fish and other animals (as a general, continuous practice).

If you said πώς να προστατεύσει τα ψάρια, it would sound more like how to save / protect the fish (in one concrete situation).

What does «προστατεύει» mean, and how is it formed?

προστατεύει is:

From the verb προστατεύω = to protect.
3rd person singular, present tense, active voice.

In the structure να προστατεύει, it functions as a subjunctive-like form:

Literally: “(in order) that (he/she/they) protect(s)”
Idiomatically: “to protect”.

So πώς να προστατεύει → “how to protect”.

Why is «τα ψάρια» used, and what does the article τα tell us?

τα ψάρια is:

ψάρια = plural of ψάρι (fish).
τα = neuter, plural, definite article in the accusative (and nominative).

The article τα here signals:

We are speaking about fish in general, but in Greek you typically use the definite article with generic plural nouns.
So τα ψάρια can mean “(the) fish” in a general, species-level sense: fish as animals, not just specific individual fish.

English often omits the article in this general sense:

Greek: προστατεύει τα ψάρια
English: protects fish (no “the”)

What does «τα άλλα ζώα» mean, and how do the words agree grammatically?

τα άλλα ζώα = “the other animals”.

Grammatically:

τα = neuter plural definite article (accusative/nominative).
άλλα = neuter plural form of the adjective άλλος (other).
ζώα = neuter plural of ζώο (animal).

In Greek, articles and adjectives must agree with the noun in:

gender (here: neuter),
number (plural),
case (accusative, as direct object of “to protect”).

So all three match: τα (article) άλλα (adjective) ζώα (noun).

Why is the article «τα» repeated in «τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα»? Could you say «τα ψάρια και άλλα ζώα»?

In τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα:

The article τα before ψάρια and again before άλλα ζώα makes both parts sound like equally definite, specific groups:
- the fish and the other animals.

You can say τα ψάρια και άλλα ζώα, but that subtly changes the feeling:

τα ψάρια και άλλα ζώα = the fish and other animals (the first group is definite; the second is looser, more indefinite).

In your sentence, the repetition τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα keeps both phrases equally definite and parallel, which is natural when you mean all these groups in general.

Is the sentence «Η οργάνωση ενημερώνει τον κόσμο πώς να προστατεύει τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα.» completely natural in Greek, or is something missing?

It is understandable and grammatically okay, but in everyday Greek it would often sound more natural to include για:

Η οργάνωση ενημερώνει τον κόσμο για το πώς να προστατεύει τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα.

Here:

για = about
για το πώς να προστατεύει… = “about how to protect…”

So, while your version is acceptable, many native speakers would prefer:

ενημερώνει τον κόσμο για το πώς να προστατεύει…
= informs the public about how to protect…

What is the basic word order of the sentence, and is Greek word order flexible here?

The basic structure is:

Η οργάνωση (subject)
ενημερώνει (verb)
τον κόσμο (direct object)
πώς να προστατεύει τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα (clause explaining what it informs them about).

So: S – V – O – (explanatory clause).

Greek word order is fairly flexible, but some changes would sound unnatural or confusing. For example:

You can move emphasis:
- Τον κόσμο ενημερώνει η οργάνωση… (emphasis on τον κόσμο).
But you cannot freely break up the phrase πώς να προστατεύει τα ψάρια και τα άλλα ζώα in a random way, or move πώς far away from να προστατεύει.

In practice, the given order is very clear and natural.