Breakdown of Ich kaufe meiner Freundin ein kleines Parfüm zum Geburtstag.
ich
I
klein
small
kaufen
to buy
mein
my
der Geburtstag
the birthday
zum
to the; (masculine or neuter, dative)
die Freundin
the girlfriend
ein
a; (neuter, nominative or accusative)
das Parfüm
the perfume
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“How do German cases work?”
German has four grammatical cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possession). The case determines the form of articles and adjectives. For example, "the dog" is "der Hund" as a subject but "den Hund" as a direct object.
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