Tämä takki on ohut, joten minua paleltaa.

Because paleltaa is used in an impersonal feeling construction. In this pattern, the person who experiences the feeling is not in the nominative; it is usually in the partitive:

• minua paleltaa = I feel cold
• sinua paleltaa = you feel cold
• häntä paleltaa = he/she feels cold

So minua is not the subject in the usual English sense. The idea is closer to cold affects me than to I cold.

This is the same pattern as:

• minua väsyttää = I am tired
• minua janottaa = I am thirsty
• minua naurattaa = I feel like laughing

Yes. Minä palelen is also correct and very common.

The difference is mainly in the structure and feel:

• minua paleltaa = I feel cold
• minä palelen = I am freezing / I am feeling cold

Both are natural. For a learner, it is useful to know that Finnish often has two ways to express this kind of thing:

1. an impersonal feeling verb: minua paleltaa
2. a normal personal verb: minä palelen

In everyday speech, both can be heard.

Paleltaa means to feel cold, especially because the surroundings or clothing are not warm enough. It is about an unpleasant physical sensation of cold.

So in this sentence, the idea is:

• the coat is thin
• because of that, I feel cold

It is not the same as just stating that something is cold. For example:

• On kylmä. = It is cold.
• Minua paleltaa. = I feel cold.

Here ohut is a predicate adjective after the verb on.

In Tämä takki on ohut:

• tämä takki = the subject
• on = is
• ohut = thin

Predicate adjectives are normally in the nominative singular when the subject is singular:

• Takki on ohut.
• Talo on suuri.
• Lapsi on väsynyt.

If the subject is plural, the adjective usually becomes plural too:

• Takit ovat ohuet. = The coats are thin.

Yes. Tämä means this, and it agrees with the noun in case and number.

Here both are in the nominative singular:

• tämä = this
• takki = coat

So:

• tämä takki = this coat

If the form changes, both usually change together:

• tässä takissa = in this coat
• nämä takit = these coats

This kind of agreement is very important in Finnish.

Joten means so, therefore, or thus. It introduces a result or consequence.

So the structure is:

• Tämä takki on ohut = This coat is thin
• joten minua paleltaa = so I feel cold

It links the two ideas as cause -> result.

Some other words that can express a similar idea are:

• siksi = therefore / for that reason
• niin = so

But joten is a very natural written and spoken connector in this kind of sentence.

Because Finnish normally separates two clauses like this with a comma.

Here there are two clauses:

1. Tämä takki on ohut
2. minua paleltaa

They are joined by joten, so a comma is used before it:

• Tämä takki on ohut, joten minua paleltaa.

This is standard Finnish punctuation.

Ohut literally means thin. For clothing, it usually means not thick enough, light, or not warm.

So for a coat, ohut suggests that the coat does not give much warmth.

Depending on context, Finnish speakers might also say:

• liian ohut = too thin
• kevyt = light
• ei tarpeeksi lämmin = not warm enough

But ohut is completely natural here.

Finnish does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So takki can mean:

• a coat
• the coat
• coat

The exact meaning depends on context.

In this sentence, tämä already makes it definite:

• tämä takki = this coat

So there is no need for an article.

Yes, but the given order is the most neutral and straightforward.

The basic structure is:

• Tämä takki on ohut, joten minua paleltaa.

You could also express the same idea differently, for example:

• Minua paleltaa, koska tämä takki on ohut. = I feel cold because this coat is thin.

The difference is mainly in emphasis:

• with joten, you state the fact first and then the result
• with koska, you state the result first and then the reason

Both are correct, but they are built differently.