Learn Hardcore Finnish: Opettaja pyysi toista esimerkkiä, joten jaoin sen kaikille. - The teacher asked for another example, so I shared it with everyone.

Because pyytää (to ask for, request) typically takes the thing requested in the partitive when it’s indefinite. Here the teacher is asking for “another example” in general, not a specific, bounded one. Adjectives agree in case with the noun they modify, so both are partitive singular: toista (from toinen) + esimerkkiä (from esimerkki).

Common pattern: pyytää + partitive (e.g., pyytää apua, pyytää lisätietoja).

Could I say Opettaja pyysi toisen esimerkin? What would that mean?

It’s possible, but it changes the nuance. Toisen esimerkin is a total object and sounds more like a specific, bounded item, roughly “the second example” or “one specific additional example.” The natural way to express a general request for “another example” is the partitive: toista esimerkkiä. Also, with requests, pyytää commonly prefers the partitive for the thing requested.

Does toinen mean “second” or “another”? How do I say each?

Both, depending on context:

“Another/other”: typically partitive when requesting/indefinite, e.g., toista esimerkkiä.
“Second” (ordinal): toinen esimerkki in a numbered sequence. If used as a direct object in a completed, bounded sense, it appears as toisen esimerkin.

What exactly does joten mean, and why is there a comma before it?

Joten means “so/therefore” and links two independent clauses. Finnish puts a comma before certain coordinating conjunctions that introduce a contrast or conclusion, including mutta, vaan, sillä, joten, eli. Hence the comma before joten.

Could I use siksi, niinpä, or sen takia instead of joten?

Yes, with small tone differences:

Siksi = “for that reason,” an adverb; often starts a new sentence: Siksi jaoin sen kaikille.
Niinpä = “so/accordingly,” slightly more emphatic: Niinpä jaoin sen kaikille.
Sen takia = “because of that,” a bit more colloquial: Sen takia jaoin sen kaikille. All are acceptable; joten is a straightforward clause connector.

Why is it jaoin and not jakoin? How is the past tense of jakaa formed?

The verb jakaa forms its past (imperfekti) with -i, and aa typically becomes oi in the past stem. The forms are:

minä jaoin
sinä jaoit
hän jakoi
me jakoimme
te jaoitte
he jakoivat

Why is it sen and not sitä?

Sen is the total object (accusative/genitive form of se) and is used when the object is viewed as whole and the action is bounded/completed: you shared “it” entirely. Sitä (partitive) would suggest an unbounded/ongoing action or only part of it, e.g., Jaoin sitä kaikille = “I was sharing it / I shared some of it to everyone.”

What case is kaikille, and why that case here?

Kaikille is allative plural (-lle), meaning “to/for everyone.” With verbs of giving/sending/telling/sharing, Finnish typically uses the allative for recipients:

antaa jollekin, lähettää jollekin, kertoa jollekin, jakaa jollekin. So jaoin sen kaikille = “I distributed it to everyone.” If you mean “with everyone,” use kanssa
- genitive plural: kaikkien kanssa.

How do I say “The teacher asked me/us for another example”?

Add the person being asked in the ablative (-lta/-ltä):

Opettaja pyysi minulta toista esimerkkiä.
Opettaja pyysi meiltä toista esimerkkiä.

How do I say “The teacher asked me to share it with everyone”?

Two common ways:

Opettaja pyysi minua jakamaan sen kaikille. (pyytää + partitive person + -maan/-mään)
Opettaja pyysi, että jakaisin sen kaikille. (että-clause with the conditional jakaisin)

Why is the subject “I” not written in jaoin?

Finnish is pro-drop: the verb ending shows the person and number. Jaoin already means “I shared,” so minä is optional unless you need emphasis.

Can I change the word order in the second clause, like ..., joten sen jaoin kaikille?

Yes. Finnish word order is flexible and used for emphasis. Neutral is joten jaoin sen kaikille. Fronting sen to joten sen jaoin kaikille emphasizes “it.” Joten jaoin kaikille sen is also possible but less typical unless you’re contrasting the object. The meaning stays the same.