اگر این سوال را نمیفهمی، از استاد سوال کن.

اگر means if.

The sentence has two parts:

• اگر این سوال را نمی‌فهمی = if you do not understand this question
• از استاد سوال کن = ask the teacher

So the structure is:

• اگر + condition, result/command

In Persian, this is a very normal way to make if sentences. You do not need a special word like English then, although Persian can sometimes add پس in other contexts if you want to emphasize the result.

Because Persian often leaves it out.

English can say:

• If you don't understand this question, ask the teacher.

That also has no then, and Persian works similarly here.

So:

• اگر ... ، ...

is completely natural by itself.

If a learner expects something like if ... then ..., it helps to know that Persian usually does not require an explicit then in ordinary sentences like this.

را is the marker for a specific direct object.

Here, این سوال means this question, and it is a specific thing, so Persian marks it with را:

• این سوال را

This tells you that this question is the thing being understood.

A very literal breakdown is:

• این سوال را نمی‌فهمی
• this question + object marker + you do not understand

In speech, را is often pronounced more like ro.

Because Persian usually follows Subject-Object-Verb order, while English usually prefers Subject-Verb-Object.

English:

• you do not understand this question

Persian:

• this question + را + you do-not-understand

The subject you is not stated as a separate word here, because it is already built into the verb ending -ی in نمی‌فهمی.

So Persian often sounds more like:

• this question, you don't understand

with the verb placed at the end.

نمی‌فهمی can be broken down like this:

• نـ = negative marker, not
• می = imperfective/present marker
• فهم = understand
• ـی = you singular

So:

• نمی‌فهمی = you do not understand

This is the present tense form used for a general present meaning here.

A useful comparison:

• می‌فهمی = you understand
• نمی‌فهمی = you do not understand

In Persian, the subject is often contained in the verb ending.

Here, the ending -ی shows second person singular: you.

So Persian does not need to say تو unless it wants emphasis.

• نمی‌فهمی = you do not understand
• تو نمی‌فهمی = you do not understand, with you stated explicitly

This is very common in Persian. Pronouns are often omitted when the verb already makes the subject clear.

Yes. نمی‌فهمی is second person singular informal.

The whole sentence is addressed to one person in an informal way because it uses:

• نمی‌فهمی
• کن

If you want to speak politely or to more than one person, you would usually use شما-style forms:

• اگر این سؤال را نمی‌فهمید، از استاد سؤال کنید.

So:

• نمی‌فهمی / کن = informal singular
• نمی‌فهمید / کنید = polite singular or plural

کن is the imperative form of کردن, which means to do.

Here it combines with the noun سوال to make the expression:

• سوال کردن = to ask a question

So:

• سوال کن = ask a question / ask

This is a very common Persian pattern:

• noun + کردن

For example, Persian often uses a noun plus کردن where English uses a simple verb.

Because with verbs of asking, Persian often uses از before the person you ask.

Here:

• از استاد = from the teacher/professor

So literally, it is something like:

• ask a question from the teacher

But idiomatically, it simply means:

• ask the teacher

This is normal Persian usage. English learners sometimes find it strange because English uses a direct object after ask, but Persian often uses از for the person being asked.

Yes, and this is a very natural question.

The sentence has:

• این سوال = this question
• سوال کن = ask a question

So the word سوال appears twice, but each time it has a different role.

Still, many speakers would prefer a smoother version such as:

• اگر این سؤال را نمی‌فهمی، از استاد بپرس.

Here بپرس comes from پرسیدن = to ask, and this version often sounds more natural than repeating سوال.

Other natural possibilities include:

• از استاد سؤال بپرس
• از استاد بپرس

So the original sentence is understandable and acceptable, but not the only way to say it.

استاد can mean several things depending on context:

• professor
• instructor
• teacher
• master/expert

In many educational contexts, استاد is more like professor or instructor, especially in universities or formal classes.

For a schoolteacher, Persian also commonly uses:

• معلم

So if the English translation says teacher, that is fine as a general meaning, but استاد may sound a bit more like professor/instructor depending on the setting.

A simple transliteration is:

• agar in so'âl râ nemifahmi, az ostâd so'âl kon

A slightly more natural pronunciation guide:

• a-gar in so-aal ro ne-mi-fah-mi, az os-taad so-aal kon

A few helpful notes:

• را is often pronounced ro in everyday speech.
• استاد is pronounced roughly ostâd.
• سوال is pronounced roughly so'âl or soaal, depending on how detailed you want to be.

In careful modern Persian spelling, it is usually written with a half-space:

• نمی‌فهمی

That is the standard form.

However, many people type it without the half-space:

• نمیفهمی

You will see both online, but نمی‌فهمی is better standard writing.

The same kind of spelling variation can happen with می forms in general:

• می‌فهمی
• نمی‌فهمی

Both spellings are seen.

• سؤال is the more traditional spelling
• سوال is a very common modern simplified spelling

Both are widely understood. In many everyday texts, especially online, people often write:

• سوال

In more careful or formal writing, you may also see:

• سؤال

So this is mostly a spelling convention issue, not a meaning difference.

Yes.

Persian present forms in if clauses often cover what English also expresses with the present tense for future situations.

So:

• اگر این سوال را نمی‌فهمی، از استاد سوال کن.

can naturally mean:

• if you do not understand this question
• if you don't understand this question

In context, it is really a practical instruction about what to do when that situation happens. Persian does not need a special future form here.

A native speaker would understand it immediately, but many would probably say a slightly more natural version.

Very common alternatives are:

• اگر این سؤال را نمی‌فهمی، از استاد بپرس.
• اگر این سؤال را نفهمیدی، از استاد بپرس.

Why?

• بپرس is often more natural than سوال کن
• repeating سوال twice can sound a little heavy
• some speakers may prefer نفهمیدی depending on the situation

So the original sentence is fine for learning important grammar, but it is useful to know that Persian has smoother everyday alternatives.