Tiu eldono estas malnova.

Tiu is a demonstrative word, used for that or that one. Here it points to a specific edition: that edition.

In Esperanto, tiu can stand by itself or come before a noun:

• tiu = that one
• tiu eldono = that edition

It does not change for gender, and in the basic form here it is singular.

Esperanto often builds words very transparently from roots and endings.

• eldon- = the root related to publishing / issuing
• -o = noun ending

So eldono is a noun meaning edition, publication, or issue, depending on context.

This is a very normal Esperanto pattern: root + part-of-speech ending.

The ending -a marks an adjective in Esperanto.

So:

• malnova = old
• nova = new

Because it describes the noun eldono, it has to be in adjective form. In Esperanto, adjectives normally end in -a.

Esperanto has a very common prefix, mal-, which gives the opposite meaning of a root.

• nova = new
• malnova = old

This is one of the most useful patterns in Esperanto. Instead of memorizing completely unrelated opposites, you can often use mal-:

• bona = good → malbona = bad
• granda = big → malgranda = small
• juna = young → maljuna = old

So malnova literally works like not-new / opposite-of-new, which is how Esperanto expresses old here.

Estas is the present tense form of esti, meaning to be.

So:

• mi estas = I am
• li estas = he is
• ĝi estas = it is
• tiu eldono estas malnova = that edition is old

A very important point for English speakers: estas does not change depending on the subject. Esperanto uses the same present-tense form for all persons.

Esperanto has no indefinite article like English a/an.

It does have a definite article, la, meaning the, but it is only used when needed.

So depending on context:

• eldono can mean an edition or just edition
• la eldono = the edition
• tiu eldono = that edition

Because tiu already makes the noun specific, la is not used here. Tiu eldono already clearly means that edition.

Yes, it can go before it too. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible here.

Both are possible:

• Tiu eldono estas malnova.
• Tiu malnova eldono estas... = That old edition is...

In your sentence, malnova comes after estas because it is part of the predicate: is old.

Compare:

• Tiu eldono estas malnova. = That edition is old.
• Tiu malnova eldono estas interesa. = That old edition is interesting.

So after estas, the adjective is functioning like English old in is old.

Yes. In Esperanto, adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in number and case.

Here both are singular and not in the accusative, so the forms are simple:

• eldono = singular noun
• malnova = singular adjective

If the noun were plural, the adjective would also become plural:

• Tiuj eldonoj estas malnovaj. = Those editions are old.

If accusative were needed, both would take -n as well.

Because there is no direct object here.

In Tiu eldono estas malnova, the structure is:

• Tiu eldono = subject
• estas = verb
• malnova = predicate adjective

The -n ending is mainly used for direct objects and sometimes for motion toward something. Since this sentence simply says what the subject is like, no accusative is needed.

Normally, no. In standard Esperanto, malnova is an adjective, and with adjectives used this way you normally keep esti:

• Tiu eldono estas malnova.

Esperanto does allow some roots to function directly as verbs, but for a basic descriptive sentence like this, estas malnova is the standard and expected form.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

TEE-oo el-DOH-no ESS-tahs mahl-NOH-vah

A few helpful points:

• tiu is roughly TEE-oo
• e is always like the vowel in bed, but a bit clearer
• o is always a pure oh
• stress in Esperanto is always on the second-to-last syllable

So the stress falls like this:

• elDOno
• EStas
• malNOva

Usually tiu is best understood as that or that one, especially when contrasting with ĉi tiu, which means this.

Common pattern:

• tiu = that
• ĉi tiu = this

In some contexts, especially without a strong contrast, tiu may feel a bit broader, like that particular one, but for learners it is safest to think:

• tiu = that
• ĉi tiu = this

It would be:

Tiuj eldonoj estas malnovaj.

Changes:

• tiu → tiuj = those
• eldono → eldonoj = editions
• malnova → malnovaj = old, plural adjective

This shows the normal Esperanto plural ending -j on both the noun and the adjective.