Mi estos fininta la tradukon ĝis vendredo.

Estos fininta is a compound tense. It corresponds to English will have finished.

• Mi finos la tradukon = I will finish the translation
• Mi estos fininta la tradukon = I will have finished the translation

The longer form emphasizes that the translation will already be completed before or by a certain future time. In this sentence, that future point is ĝis vendredo.

In everyday Esperanto, many speakers would simply say Mi finos la tradukon ĝis vendredo, but Mi estos fininta... is more precise if you want the future-perfect idea.

Fininta is the active past participle of fini.

It literally means something like:

• having finished
• someone who has finished

So Mi estos fininta is literally close to:

• I will be someone who has finished

That sounds awkward in English, but it is exactly how Esperanto builds this tense.

Because fininta is active, while finita is passive.

• fininta = having finished something
• finita = having been finished

Here, mi is the one doing the finishing, so the active form is needed:

• Mi estos fininta la tradukon = I will have finished the translation

If you said Mi estos finita, it would mean something like I will be finished or I will have been finished, which is a very different idea.

Because it is the direct object of fini.

• la traduko = the translation
• la tradukon = the translation, as the thing being finished

Esperanto marks the direct object with -n, so after a transitive verb like fini, the thing being finished gets that ending.

La means the. It shows that this is a specific translation, not just any translation.

So:

• tradukon = a translation
• la tradukon = the translation

In many real contexts, this would refer to a translation already known from the situation.

In this sentence, it is understood as by Friday or no later than Friday.

That is because the sentence talks about a completed result. So the idea is that when Friday arrives, the work will already be done.

Still, English speakers often notice that ĝis can feel a little ambiguous, because it often means until in other contexts. If you want to be especially clear, you might also see:

• antaŭ vendredo = before Friday
• plej malfrue vendrede = at the latest on Friday

But ĝis vendredo is commonly understood as a deadline here.

After the preposition ĝis, you normally use the noun form:

• ĝis vendredo = until/by Friday

By contrast:

• vendrede means on Friday

So:

• Mi venos vendrede = I will come on Friday
• Mi finos tion ĝis vendredo = I will finish that by Friday

A learner may want to use vendrede because English uses on Friday, but Esperanto handles this differently.

Normally, no.

So you write:

• vendredo
• lundo
• mardo

not Vendredo, Lundo, Mardo, unless the word begins the sentence.

This is different from English.

It is correct Esperanto, but the compound tense can sound a bit more careful, precise, or formal than everyday speech.

Many speakers would naturally say:

• Mi finos la tradukon ĝis vendredo

That simpler version is often enough in normal conversation. But if you specifically want to stress will have finished by that future point, then Mi estos fininta la tradukon ĝis vendredo is a good choice.

Yes. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible.

For example, these are all possible:

• Mi estos fininta la tradukon ĝis vendredo.
• Ĝis vendredo mi estos fininta la tradukon.
• La tradukon mi estos fininta ĝis vendredo.

The most neutral order is usually the first one. Changing the order can shift emphasis.

Because tradukon has the -n ending, it is still clearly the object even if you move it.

Yes, if the context already makes clear what you will have finished.

But by itself, Mi estos fininta ĝis vendredo can sound incomplete, because fini often makes the listener expect an object:

• finish what?

So unless the object is obvious from context, keeping la tradukon is more natural and clearer.