En novembro mia patrino kutime preparas varman supon pli ofte ol en oktobro.

In Esperanto, -as is the present-tense verb ending.

So:

• prepari = to prepare
• preparas = prepares / is preparing

In this sentence, preparas is best understood as a habitual present: my mother usually prepares...

Because supon is the direct object, and in Esperanto direct objects usually take -n.

Also, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in both:

• number
• case

So:

• supo = soup
• supon = soup (direct object)
• varma supo = hot soup
• varman supon = hot soup (as a direct object)

That is why both words get -n.

Because mia patrino is the subject, not the direct object.

In the sentence:

• mia patrino = the person doing the action
• varman supon = the thing being prepared

Esperanto marks the direct object with -n, but the subject normally has no special ending.

Because possessive words like mia, via, lia, ŝia, nia, ilia already make the noun definite.

So:

• mia patrino = my mother

You do not normally say la mia patrino. That would be wrong in ordinary Esperanto.

Because the sentence does not necessarily mean a specific, already identified soup. It just says that she usually prepares hot soup.

Esperanto uses la only when the noun is definite. So:

• varman supon = hot soup / a hot soup
• la varman supon = the hot soup

Here, the indefinite idea is more natural, so no la is used.

En novembro means in November.

The preposition en is often used for time expressions like months, seasons, and longer periods:

• en novembro = in November
• en somero = in summer
• en 2025 = in 2025

So it works much like English in for these cases.

Because the comparison is with the time period in October.

The phrase pli ofte ol en oktobro means:

• more often than in October

The word ol means than, but it does not replace the preposition needed by the time phrase. So you still say:

• en oktobro = in October

That whole phrase follows ol.

This is the standard way to make a comparison in Esperanto:

• pli = more
• ofte = often
• ol = than

So:

• ofte = often
• pli ofte = more often
• pli ofte ol en oktobro = more often than in October

It works very much like English comparison structure.

Because it modifies the verb preparas, so it must be an adverb.

Compare:

• ofta = frequent (adjective)
• ofte = frequently / often (adverb)

In this sentence, the idea is how often she prepares, so the adverb is needed:

• pli ofte = more often

If you used ofta, it would have to describe a noun, not the action.

Kutime means usually, while ofte means often.

They are related, but not identical:

• kutime describes what is customary or usual
• ofte describes frequency

So in this sentence:

• kutime preparas = usually prepares
• pli ofte ol en oktobro = more often than in October

Using both is possible because one gives a general habitual sense and the other gives a comparison of frequency.

Yes, Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, especially with adverbs like kutime.

The given sentence is natural:

• En novembro mia patrino kutime preparas varman supon...

But you could also say things like:

• En novembro mia patrino preparas varman supon kutime pli ofte ol en oktobro
• Mia patrino kutime preparas varman supon en novembro pli ofte ol en oktobro

Some versions sound more natural than others, but Esperanto allows movement as long as the meaning stays clear.

The original order is good because it is easy to follow:

1. time
2. subject
3. adverb
4. verb
5. object
6. comparison

No, not in this sentence.

Mian patrinon would mark my mother as a direct object, but she is the subject here. She is the one doing the preparing.

So:

• mia patrino preparas... = my mother prepares...
• mi vidas mian patrinon = I see my mother

In the second example, mian patrinon is the object of vidas, so -n is correct there.

Yes, that is a normal and natural expression.

• prepari = to prepare
• supo = soup
• prepari supon = to prepare soup

Depending on context, other verbs may also be possible, such as kuiri (to cook), but prepari supon is perfectly good Esperanto.

No, it does not have to come first.

Esperanto often puts time expressions near the beginning, but other orders are also possible:

• En novembro mia patrino kutime preparas varman supon...
• Mia patrino kutime preparas varman supon en novembro...

Putting en novembro first gives it a bit of emphasis and sets the time frame right away. That is why it is a very natural choice here.